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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs (<small>two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root</small>):
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| *'''Conjugation I''': termel, ''to sell'' - šekel, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''Conjugation II''': ŕokmel, ''to lead'' - korel, ''to judge'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| ====Declarative valency====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| =====Active diathesis=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| ======Indicative mood======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| '''Imperfective present''' | |
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| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
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| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
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| |}
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotre̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥ku</center> || <center>joŕko̥mu</center> || <center>joko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jäko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jäko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥meš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥met</center> || <center>še̥ket</center> || <center>ŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
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| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |}
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| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
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| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofke̥çu</center> || <center>jofso̥ru</center> | |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çu</center> || <center>jäfso̥ru</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çe</center> || <center>jäfso̥ro</center> | |
| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çem</center> || <center>fëso̥rom</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çeš</center> || <center>fëso̥roš</center> | |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çet</center> || <center>fëso̥rot</center>
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| |} | |
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| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
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| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknyse̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jośo̥juʔu</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔu</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥jake</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔo</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mem</center> || <center>še̥jakem</center> || <center>lqo̥xamom</center> || <center>śo̥juʔom</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥meš</center> || <center>še̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔoš</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥met</center> || <center>še̥jaket</center> || <center>lqo̥xamot</center> || <center>śo̥juʔot</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| fekçel fosrel
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| 1° sing. josqäțxe̥su jonöʔcico̥ru
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| 2° sing. jasqäțxe̥su jänöʔcico̥ru
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| 3° sing. jasqäțxe̥se jänöʔcico̥ro
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| 1° plur. sqäțxe̥sem nöʔcico̥rom
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| 2° plur. sqäțxe̥seš nöʔcico̥roš
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| 3° plur. sqäțxe̥set nöʔcico̥rot
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
