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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: '''''mood - aspect - tense'''''. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| Sample verbs: egmir, ''to write'' (<small>with a front leading vowel</small>), and tuurkar, ''to see'', (<small>with a back leading vowel</small>).
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| ====Tense====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| Tense suffixes display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-æl</center> || <center>-al</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>-iid</center> || <center>-uud</center> || <center>-eer</center> || <center>-oor</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>-eew</center> || <center>-oow</center> || <center>-iibb</center> || <center>-oobb</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:
| |
| | |
| roo šeežene tuurkar'''uud''' → roo šeežene tuurkar'''oor'''
| |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
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| | |
| Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> || <center>egmiræl</center> || <center>tuurkaral</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>egmiriid</center> || <center>tuurkaruud</center> || <center>egmireer</center> || <center>tuurkaroor</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>egmireew</center> || <center>tuurkaroow</center> || <center>egmiriibb</center> || <center>tuurkaroobb</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Aspect====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>-em</center> || <center>-om</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>-æp</center> || <center>-ap</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>-inn</center> || <center>-unn</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>egmirem</center> || <center>tuurkarom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>egmiræp</center> || <center>tuurkarap</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>egmirinn</center> || <center>tuurkarunn</center>
| |
| |}
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|
| ====Mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>-ill</center> || <center>-ull</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>-egg</center> || <center>-ogg</center>
| |
| |}
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| Examples:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>egmirill</center> || <center>tuurkarull</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>egmiregg</center> || <center>tuurkarogg</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| The imperative mood noticeably does not display distinctive suffixes from the indicative ones. It does not distinguish any tense and only the progressive suffix is usually added, to convey a stronger order in the present:
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| egmir!
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| <small>write!</small>
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| egmirem!
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| <small>write now!</small>
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| | |
| ====Nominal/Adjectival forms====
| |
| The nominal/adjectival forms are usually declined following the nominal declension, with its endings. As verbal forms, however, they can take the modal and aspectual suffixes, before their proper ending.
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| | |
| Nominal/adjectival suffixes, like the tense ones, display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>-eti</center> || <center>-otu</center> || <center>-ælti</center> || <center>-alti</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>-ænti</center> || <center>-antu</center> || <center>-inti</center> || <center>-untu</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>-irdi</center> || <center>-urdu</center> || <center>-erdi</center> || <center>-ordu</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the nominal/adjectival form:
| |
| | |
| śiibædem'''ænti''' reti → śiibædem'''inti''' reti
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| <small>a person who's sleeping → A person who isn't sleeping</small>
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| | |
| Negation is thus conveyed also by these suffixes.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>egmireti</center> || <center>tuurkarotu</center> || <center>egmirælti</center> || <center>tuurkaralti</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>egmirænti</center> || <center>tuurkarantu</center> || <center>egmirinti</center> || <center>tuurkaruntu</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>egmirirdi</center> || <center>tuurkarurdu</center> || <center>egmirerdi</center> || <center>tuurkarordu</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The ''infinitive'' is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. Unlike the normal nominal declension, the accusative form of the infinitive always coincides with the nominative one. It is widely used in the formation of dependent clauses, being also called the ''subordinate'' form. The object of this form is regularly declined in the accusative case, but an eventual subject is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| The ''active participle'' is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| The ''passive participle'' is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
