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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: '''''mood - aspect - tense'''''. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| Sample verbs: egmir, ''to write'' (<small>with a front leading vowel</small>), and tuurkar, ''to see'', (<small>with a back leading vowel</small>).
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| ====Tense====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| Tense suffixes display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-æl</center> || <center>-al</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>-iid</center> || <center>-uud</center> || <center>-eer</center> || <center>-oor</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>-eew</center> || <center>-oow</center> || <center>-iibb</center> || <center>-oobb</center>
| |
| |}
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| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| roo šeežene tuurkar'''uud''' → roo šeežene tuurkar'''oor''' | | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| I saw you → I didn't see you | | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| Examples:
| | {|- |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> || <center>egmiræl</center> || <center>tuurkaral</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>egmiriid</center> || <center>tuurkaruud</center> || <center>egmireer</center> || <center>tuurkaroor</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>egmireew</center> || <center>tuurkaroow</center> || <center>egmiriibb</center> || <center>tuurkaroobb</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| ====Aspect====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>-em</center> || <center>-om</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>-æp</center> || <center>-ap</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>-inn</center> || <center>-unn</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>egmirem</center> || <center>tuurkarom</center> | |
| |-
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| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>egmiræp</center> || <center>tuurkarap</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>egmirinn</center> || <center>tuurkarunn</center>
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| |} | | |} |
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| ====Mood====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>-ill</center> || <center>-ull</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>-egg</center> || <center>-ogg</center>
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| |}
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| Examples:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>egmirill</center> || <center>tuurkarull</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>egmiregg</center> || <center>tuurkarogg</center>
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| |}
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| The imperative mood noticeably does not display distinctive suffixes from the indicative ones. It does not distinguish any tense and only the progressive suffix is usually added, to convey a stronger order in the present:
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| egmir!
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| <small>write!</small>
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| egmirem!
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| <small>write now!</small>
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| ====Nominal/Adjectival forms====
| |
| The nominal/adjectival forms are usually declined following the nominal declension, with its endings. As verbal forms, however, they can take the modal and aspectual suffixes, before their proper ending.
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| Nominal/adjectival suffixes, like the tense ones, display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>-eti</center> || <center>-otu</center> || <center>-ælti</center> || <center>-alti</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>-ænti</center> || <center>-antu</center> || <center>-inti</center> || <center>-untu</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>-irdi</center> || <center>-urdu</center> || <center>-erdi</center> || <center>-ordu</center>
| |
| |}
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| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the nominal/adjectival form:
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| śiibædem'''ænti''' reti → śiibædem'''inti''' reti
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| <small>a person who's sleeping → A person who isn't sleeping</small>
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| Negation is thus conveyed also by these suffixes.
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> || <center>egmiræl</center> || <center>tuurkaral</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>egmiriid</center> || <center>tuurkaruud</center> || <center>egmireer</center> || <center>tuurkaroor</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>egmireew</center> || <center>tuurkaroow</center> || <center>egmiriibb</center> || <center>tuurkaroobb</center>
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''.
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| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -rā, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -žu. They both have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''.
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| Examples from the verb ɸaq, ''to see'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ɸaqurā</center> || <center>ɸāqurā</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ɸaqužu</center> || <center>ɸāqužu</center>
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| |-
| |
| |}
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| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
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| When used in the verbal conjugation, both participles are deemed as indeclinable forms. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete adjectival declension. They are also used with the modal verbs.
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| ====Passive diathesis====
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| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in a lesser amount than the active diathesis. These forms are always built through the undeclined forms of the passive participle, with the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb sū, ''to be'' which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
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| The usage of the different moods is exactly the same as the active diathesis, while the usage of the different aspect is essentially different. The passive diathesis displays only the imperfective and the perfective forms, which also play the role respectively of the progressive and resultative aspect.
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| =====Indicative mood=====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''imperfective''''' || imperfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
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| |-
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| | '''''perfective''''' || perfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
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| |}
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
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| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''imperfective''''' || ɟuxižu sūš, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''perfective''''' || ɟūxižu sūš, ...
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
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| | '''''imperfective''''' || imperfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfective''''' || perfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
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| | '''''imperfective''''' || ɟuxižu sjaš, ...
| |
| |-
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| | '''''perfective''''' || ɟūxižu sjaš, ...
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfective''''' || imperfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfective''''' || perfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
| |
| |}
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfective''''' || ɟuxižu sū, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfective''''' || ɟūxižu sū, ...
| |
| |}
| |
