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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| *'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation''': ði, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɟux, ''to bring'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| *'''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɸaq, ''to see''
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|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
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|
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiš</center> || <center>ɟuxiš</center> || <center>ɸaquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðim</center> || <center>ɟuxim</center> || <center>ɸaqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸaquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiža</center> || <center>ɟuxīža</center> || <center>ɸaqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiku</center> || <center>ɟuxīku</center> || <center>ɸaqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiç</center> || <center>ɟuxīç</center> || <center>ɸaqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīš</center> || <center>ɟūxiš</center> || <center>ɸāquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīm</center> || <center>ɟūxim</center> || <center>ɸāqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸāquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīža</center> || <center>ɟūxīža</center> || <center>ɸāqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīku</center> || <center>ɟūxīku</center> || <center>ɸāqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīç</center> || <center>ɟūxīç</center> || <center>ɸāqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūm</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūɣ</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūža</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
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| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūm</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūm</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūɣ</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūža</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūku</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:
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| *''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation'': the infixes -ja (<small>singular form</small>) and -jā (<small>plural form</small>) are added between the root and the personal ending.
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| *''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
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| *''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
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| | |
| Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.
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| | |
| Example:
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| | |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmja-/māmjā- | |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaš</center> || <center>ɟuxīš</center> || <center>ɸaqūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijam</center> || <center>ɟuxīm</center> || <center>ɸaqūm</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāža</center> || <center>ɟuxiwža</center> || <center>ɸaqujža</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāku</center> || <center>ɟuxiwku</center> || <center>ɸaqujku</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāç</center> || <center>ɟuxiwç</center> || <center>ɸaqujç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
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| Examples:
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| | |
| sū, ''to be'' (<small>1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
| |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaš</center> || <center>ɟūxīš</center> || <center>ɸāqūš</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījam</center> || <center>ɟūxīm</center> || <center>ɸāqūm</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqūɣ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāža</center> || <center>ɟūxiwža</center> || <center>ɸāqujža</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāku</center> || <center>ɟūxiwku</center> || <center>ɸāqujku</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāç</center> || <center>ɟūxiwç</center> || <center>ɸāqujç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
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| Examples:
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| | |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç | |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaš</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjam</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaɣ</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāža</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjam</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. It is the same as the pure ''imperfective'' verbal root, without any personal ending:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ði</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɟux</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɸaq</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, as it represent the base underived form of every verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. It is the same as the pure ''perfective'' verbal root, without any personal ending:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ðī</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɟūx</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɸāq</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Participle======
| | {|- |
| The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -rā, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -žu. They both have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''.
| |
| | |
| Examples from the verb ɸaq, ''to see'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ɸaqurā</center> || <center>ɸāqurā</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ɸaqužu</center> || <center>ɸāqužu</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| |}
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
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| | |
| When used in the verbal conjugation, both participles are deemed as indeclinable forms. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete adjectival declension. They are also used with the modal verbs.
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| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in a lesser amount than the active diathesis. These forms are always built through the undeclined forms of the passive participle, with the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb sū, ''to be'' which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
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| The usage of the different moods is exactly the same as the active diathesis, while the usage of the different aspect is essentially different. The passive diathesis displays only the imperfective and the perfective forms, which also play the role respectively of the progressive and resultative aspect.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |- | |
| | '''''imperfective''''' || imperfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū | |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''perfective''''' || perfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''imperfective''''' || ɟuxižu sūš, ... | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''perfective''''' || ɟūxižu sūš, ... | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''present''''' || imperative present forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imuto xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
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|
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|
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || present infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
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| | '''''past''''' || past infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
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| | '''''perfect''''' || perfect infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
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|
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imew xuvoňə
| |
| |-
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| | '''''past''''' || imyw xuvoňə
| |
| |-
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| | '''''perfect''''' || imæw xuvoňə
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
