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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
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| *'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation''': ði, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɟux, ''to bring'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| *'''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɸaq, ''to see''
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|
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|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiš</center> || <center>ɟuxiš</center> || <center>ɸaquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðim</center> || <center>ɟuxim</center> || <center>ɸaqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸaquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiža</center> || <center>ɟuxīža</center> || <center>ɸaqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiku</center> || <center>ɟuxīku</center> || <center>ɸaqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiç</center> || <center>ɟuxīç</center> || <center>ɸaqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīš</center> || <center>ɟūxiš</center> || <center>ɸāquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīm</center> || <center>ɟūxim</center> || <center>ɸāqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸāquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīža</center> || <center>ɟūxīža</center> || <center>ɸāqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīku</center> || <center>ɟūxīku</center> || <center>ɸāqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīç</center> || <center>ɟūxīç</center> || <center>ɸāqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūm</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūm</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:
| |
| | |
| *''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation'': the infixes -ja (<small>singular form</small>) and -jā (<small>plural form</small>) are added between the root and the personal ending.
| |
| *''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
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| *''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
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| | |
| Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.
| |
| | |
| Example:
| |
| | |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmja-/māmjā-
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaš</center> || <center>ɟuxīš</center> || <center>ɸaqūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijam</center> || <center>ɟuxīm</center> || <center>ɸaqūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāža</center> || <center>ɟuxiwža</center> || <center>ɸaqujža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāku</center> || <center>ɟuxiwku</center> || <center>ɸaqujku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāç</center> || <center>ɟuxiwç</center> || <center>ɸaqujç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
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| | |
| Examples:
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| | |
| sū, ''to be'' (<small>1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
| |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç | |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaš</center> || <center>ɟūxīš</center> || <center>ɸāqūš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījam</center> || <center>ɟūxīm</center> || <center>ɸāqūm</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāža</center> || <center>ɟūxiwža</center> || <center>ɸāqujža</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāku</center> || <center>ɟūxiwku</center> || <center>ɸāqujku</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāç</center> || <center>ɟūxiwç</center> || <center>ɸāqujç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
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| | |
| Examples:
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| | |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç
| |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjam</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjam</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. It is the same as the pure ''imperfective'' verbal root, without any personal ending:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðim</center> || <center>ɟuxim</center> || <center>ɸaqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Poiché questa forma rappresenta in ultima sintesi la forma base non derivata di qualsiasi verbo, viene utilizzata come forma di citazione.
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| | |
| | |
| Aspetto perfettivo:
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| L’imperativo perfettivo è una forma semplice. Corrisponde alla radice verbale perfettiva, priva di qualsiasi desinenza personale.
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| 1° coniugazione 2° coniugazione 3° coniugazione
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| 2° sing. ðī ɟūx ɸāq
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| 2° plur.
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| | |
| | |
| | |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
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| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person.
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| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvum‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuv‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons display the same endings. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> persons pronouns are usually left out:
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| | |
| (k’etex) xownuto!
| |
| <small>(you) sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| okex xownuto!
| |
| <small>let him/her sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
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| | |
| ======Infinitive======
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| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.
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| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through different endings:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>xuvew</center> || <center>xuvow</center> || <center>xuvæw</center>
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| |}
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| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerow</center> || <center>ňeryw</center> || <center>ňeraw</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘ow</center> || <center>x‘ɔ</center> || <center>x‘aw</center>
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| |}
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| ======Active participle======
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| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>xuvoð‘i</center> || <center>xuvyð‘i</center> || <center>xuvað‘i</center>
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| |}
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| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
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| Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
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| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowð‘i</center> || <center>ňerywð‘i</center> || <center>ňerawð‘i</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owð‘i</center> || <center>x‘ɔð‘i</center> || <center>x‘awð‘i</center>
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| |}
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| ======Passive participle======
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| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>xuvoňə</center> || <center>xuvyňə</center> || <center>xuvaňə</center>
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| |}
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| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
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| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowňə</center> || <center>ňerywňə</center> || <center>ňerawňə</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |-
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| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owňə</center> || <center>x‘ɔňə</center> || <center>x‘awňə</center> | |
| |}
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| ====Passive diathesis====
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| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
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| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.
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| =====Indicative mood=====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''past''''' || indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''perfect''''' || indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative anterior future forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''future perfect''''' || indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || imun xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''past''''' || imyn xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''perfect''''' || iman xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''pluperfect''''' || iman xuvyňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future''''' || town imew xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''anterior future''''' || t‘yn imew xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future perfect''''' || tæn imew xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future in the past''''' || town imew xuvyňə, ...
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| |-
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| |}
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| =====Imperative mood=====
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || imperative present forms of imew + present passive participle
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| |-
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| |}
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || imuto xuvoňə, ...
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| |-
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| |}
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| =====Infinitive mood=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| |-
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || present infinitive of imew + present passive participle
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| |-
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| | '''''past''''' || past infinitive of imew + present passive participle
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| |-
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| | '''''perfect''''' || perfect infinitive of imew + present passive participle
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| |-
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| |}
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
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| | '''''present''''' || imew xuvoňə
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| |-
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| | '''''past''''' || imyw xuvoňə
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| |-
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| | '''''perfect''''' || imæw xuvoňə
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| |-
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| |}
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