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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
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| *'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation''': ði, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɟux, ''to bring'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| *'''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation''': ɸaq, ''to see''
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiš</center> || <center>ɟuxiš</center> || <center>ɸaquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðim</center> || <center>ɟuxim</center> || <center>ɸaqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸaquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiža</center> || <center>ɟuxīža</center> || <center>ɸaqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiku</center> || <center>ɟuxīku</center> || <center>ɸaqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiç</center> || <center>ɟuxīç</center> || <center>ɸaqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīš</center> || <center>ɟūxiš</center> || <center>ɸāquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīm</center> || <center>ɟūxim</center> || <center>ɸāqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸāquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīža</center> || <center>ɟūxīža</center> || <center>ɸāqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīku</center> || <center>ɟūxīku</center> || <center>ɸāqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīç</center> || <center>ɟūxīç</center> || <center>ɸāqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūm</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūm</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvyn</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvym‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvyv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerywn</center> || <center>xɔn</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňeryw</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerywm‘i</center> || <center>xɔm‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerywv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvan</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuva</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvam‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvav‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerown</center> || <center>xawn</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerow</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xaw</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerowm‘i</center> || <center>xawm‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerowv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xawv‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imun xuvoð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imo xuvoð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imum‘i xuvoð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imuv‘i xuvoð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| ======Past continuous tense======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imyn xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imy xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imym‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imyv‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>iman xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ima xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imam‘i xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imav‘i xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>t‘yn xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>t‘y xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>t‘ym‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>t‘yv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Future perfect tense======
| |
| The '''future perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tæn xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tæ xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tæm‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tæv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town imew xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow imew xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i imew xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i imew xuvyð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
| |
| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvum‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuv‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons display the same endings. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> persons pronouns are usually left out:
| |
| | |
| (k’etex) xownuto!
| |
| <small>(you) sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| okex xownuto!
| |
| <small>let him/her sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.
| |
| | |
| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through different endings:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>xuvew</center> || <center>xuvow</center> || <center>xuvæw</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerow</center> || <center>ňeryw</center> || <center>ňeraw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘ow</center> || <center>x‘ɔ</center> || <center>x‘aw</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Active participle======
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>xuvoð‘i</center> || <center>xuvyð‘i</center> || <center>xuvað‘i</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowð‘i</center> || <center>ňerywð‘i</center> || <center>ňerawð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owð‘i</center> || <center>x‘ɔð‘i</center> || <center>x‘awð‘i</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Passive participle======
| |
| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>xuvoňə</center> || <center>xuvyňə</center> || <center>xuvaňə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowňə</center> || <center>ňerywňə</center> || <center>ňerawňə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owňə</center> || <center>x‘ɔňə</center> || <center>x‘awňə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative anterior future forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future perfect''''' || indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imun xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || imyn xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || iman xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || iman xuvyňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || town imew xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || t‘yn imew xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future perfect''''' || tæn imew xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || town imew xuvyňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imperative present forms of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imuto xuvoňə, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || present infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || past infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || perfect infinitive of imew + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || imew xuvoňə
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || imyw xuvoňə
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || imæw xuvoňə
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
