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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: xuvew, ''to hit''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- (<small>which changes into -o- in the 2<sup><small>nd</small> and </sup>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular persons</small>) and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvun</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvum‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerun</center> || <center>xown</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňero</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerum‘i</center> || <center>xowm‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňeruv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xowv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvyn</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvym‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvyv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerywn</center> || <center>xɔn</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňeryw</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerywm‘i</center> || <center>xɔm‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerywv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvan</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuva</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvam‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvav‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerown</center> || <center>xawn</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerow</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xaw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerowm‘i</center> || <center>xawm‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerowv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xawv‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imun xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imo xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imum‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imuv‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imyn xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imy xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imym‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imyv‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>iman xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ima xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imam‘i xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imav‘i xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>t‘yn xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>t‘y xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>t‘ym‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>t‘yv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Future perfect tense======
| |
| The '''future perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tæn xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tæ xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tæm‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tæv‘i xuvew</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i imew xuvoð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative future forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town imew xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow imew xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i imew xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i imew xuvuð‘i</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
| |
| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvum‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuv‘ito</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons display the same endings. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> persons pronouns are usually left out:
| |
| | |
| (k’etex) xownuto!
| |
| <small>(you) sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| okex xownuto!
| |
| <small>let him/her sing!</small>
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.
| |
| | |
| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through different endings:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>xuvew</center> || <center>xuvow</center> || <center>xuvæw</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerow</center> || <center>ňeryw</center> || <center>ňeraw</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘ow</center> || <center>x‘ɔ</center> || <center>x‘aw</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Active participle======
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>xuvoð‘i</center> || <center>xuvuð‘i</center> || <center>xuvað‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowð‘i</center> || <center>ňerywð‘i</center> || <center>ňerawð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owð‘i</center> || <center>x‘ɔð‘i</center> || <center>x‘awð‘i</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Passive participle======
| |
| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>xuvoňə</center> || <center>xuvuňə</center> || <center>xuvaňə</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowňə</center> || <center>ňerywňə</center> || <center>ňerawňə</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owňə</center> || <center>x‘ɔňə</center> || <center>x‘awňə</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Passive diathesis====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number. | |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || present passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present continuous''''' || present passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || past passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past continuous''''' || past passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || present passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || past passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || future passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future continuous''''' || future passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || present passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || past passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || moronih imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present continuous''''' || moronih ime imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || morunih imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past continuous''''' || morunih ime imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || moronih imũ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || morunih imũ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || morɔbonih imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future continuous''''' || morɔbonih ime imõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || moronih imɔbõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || morunih imɔbõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present continuous''''' || present passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past continuous''''' || past passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || present passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || past passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || future passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future continuous''''' || future passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || present passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || past passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || moronih iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present continuous''''' || moronih ime iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || morunih iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past continuous''''' || morunih ime iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || moronih iməβũ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''pluperfect''''' || morunih iməβũ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || morɔbonih iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future continuous''''' || morɔbonih ime iməβõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || moronih iməβɔbõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || morunih iməβɔbõ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || moronih imodɔ, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || moronih imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || morunih imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || morɔbonih imɔr
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
