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===Conjugation of regular verbs===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Sample verb: xuvew, ''to hit''.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


====Active diathesis====
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


=====Indicative mood=====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


======Present tense======
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- (<small>which changes into -o- in the 2<sup><small>nd</small> and </sup>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular persons</small>) and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


{| class="wikitable"
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvun</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvo</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvum‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvuv‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the  is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerun</center> || <center>xown</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňero</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xow</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerum‘i</center> || <center>xowm‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňeruv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xowv‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
======Past tense======
The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -y- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvyn</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvy</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvym‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvyv‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -y-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the  is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerywn</center> || <center>xɔn</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňeryw</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerywm‘i</center> || <center>xɔm‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerywv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xɔv‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
======Perfect tense======
The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>xuvan</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuva</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>xuvam‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>xuvav‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the perfect tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -a-, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the perfect tense of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the  is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ňerown</center> || <center>xawn</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerow</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xaw</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ňerowm‘i</center> || <center>xawm‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ňerowv‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>xawv‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
======Present continuous tense======
The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imun xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imo xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imum‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imuv‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Past continuous tense======
The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>imyn xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imy xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imym‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imyv‘i xuvoð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Pluperfect tense======
The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative perfect forms of the verb imew, ''to be'', and the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>iman xuvuð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ima xuvuð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imam‘i xuvuð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>imav‘i xuvuð‘i</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb tɔw, and the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>town xuvew</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>tow xuvew</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>towm‘i xuvew</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>towv‘i xuvew</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
======Future continuous tense======
The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imɔbõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔboh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔbo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔbodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe ĩ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
=====Subjunctive mood=====
The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.
 
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoβi</center>
|}
 
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoβi</center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoβi</center>
|}
 
======Past tense======
The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuβi</center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fe</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuβi</center>
|}
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβɔbõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboβi</center>
|}
 
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboβi</center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboβi</center>
|}
 
======Present continuous tense======
The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Past continuous tense======
The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Perfect tense======
The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Pluperfect tense======
The '''pluperfect continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Future continuous tense======
The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβɔbõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔboh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔbo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔbodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβõ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβoh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβo</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβodi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβũ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβuh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuxi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβudi</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuβi</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
=====Imperative mood=====
The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
 
It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morodɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morodɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroxidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morodidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroβidɔ</center>
|}
 
The 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular persons display the same ending. There is no morphological difference between the two persons, which are distinguished only by the context in the sentence.
 
Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the imperative present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβodɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβodɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoxidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβodidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoβidɔ</center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fydɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fydɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyxidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fydidɔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyβidɔ</center>
|}


=====Non-finite forms=====
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
The non-finite verbal forms are:
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


======Infinitive======
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -r.  


It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''future'', formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix:
{|-
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>morɔr</center> || <center>morur</center> || <center>morɔbor</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different thematic vowels and a slightly different version of the future infix. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>for</center> || <center>fyr</center> || <center>fɔbor</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|}
 
======Active participle======
The '''active participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''future'', formed through different vocalic endings:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
|-
| <center>moreh</center> || <center>moruh</center> || <center>morɔbeh</center>
|}
 
The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different vocalic endings. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center>feh</center> || <center>foh</center> || <center>febeh</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|}
 
The past form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
 
======Passive participle======
The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''future'', formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix. It is marked by the ending -nih:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center>moronih</center> || <center>morunih</center> || <center>morɔbonih</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
 
This participle is mostly used in the formation of the passive diathesis form, with the auxiliary verb imɔr, ''to be''.
 
====Passive diathesis====
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
 
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
 
=====Indicative mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| '''''present'''''  || present passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| '''''present continuous'''''  || present passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''past'''''  || past passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''past continuous'''''  || past passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''perfect'''''  || present passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || past passive participle + indicative past forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future'''''  || future passive participle + indicative present forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future continuous'''''  || future passive participle + indicative present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || present passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || past passive participle + indicative future forms of imɔr
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
| '''''present'''''  || moronih imõ, ...
|-
| '''''present continuous'''''  || moronih ime imõ, ...
|-
| '''''past'''''  || morunih imõ, ...
|-
| '''''past continuous'''''  || morunih ime imõ, ...
|-
| '''''perfect'''''  || moronih imũ, ...
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || morunih imũ, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || morɔbonih imõ, ...
|-
| '''''future continuous'''''  || morɔbonih ime imõ, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || moronih imɔbõ, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || morunih imɔbõ, ...
|-
|}


=====Subjunctive mood=====
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''present continuous'''''  || present passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''past'''''  || past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''past continuous'''''  || past passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''perfect'''''  || present passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || past passive participle + subjunctive past forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future'''''  || future passive participle + subjunctive present forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future continuous'''''  || future passive participle + subjunctive present continuous forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || present passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || past passive participle + subjunctive future forms of imɔr
|-
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || moronih iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''present continuous'''''  || moronih ime iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''past'''''  || morunih iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''past continuous'''''  || morunih ime iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''perfect'''''  || moronih iməβũ, ...
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || morunih iməβũ, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || morɔbonih iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''future continuous'''''  || morɔbonih ime iməβõ, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || moronih iməβɔbõ, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || morunih iməβɔbõ, ...
|-
|}


=====Imperative mood=====
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || present passive participle + imperative present forms of imɔr
|-
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 2<sup>nd</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || moronih imodɔ, ...
|-
|}
 
=====Infinitive mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || present passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
|-
| '''''past'''''  || past passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
|-
| '''''future'''''  || future passive participle + present infinitive of imɔr
|-
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 170px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || moronih imɔr
|-
| '''''past'''''  || morunih imɔr
|-
| '''''future'''''  || morɔbonih imɔr
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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