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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: morɔr, ''to see''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moroh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fyh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fydi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moruh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mor</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moruxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moruβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person features the ''null ending'', namely the absence of the thematic vowel itself. Thus, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant, or nasalizing the remaining vowel.
| |
| | |
| As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs imɔr, ''to be'', and zbonɔr, ''to flee', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>imɔr</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>zbonɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>imũ</center> || <center>zbonũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>imuh</center> || <center>zbonuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ĩ</center> || <center>zbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imuxi</center> || <center>zbonuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imudi</center> || <center>zbonudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imuβi</center> || <center>zbonuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>foh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>foxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>foβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a simple tense. The future infix -ɔbo- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbõ</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboh</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbo</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboxi</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fybõ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fyboh</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fybo</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyboxi</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fybodi</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyboβi</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ======Present continuous tense======
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>): | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| ======Past continuous tense======
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fe</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
| |
| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morodɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morodɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroxidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morodidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroβidɔ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular persons display the same ending. There is no morphological difference between the two persons, which are distinguished only by the context in the sentence.
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the imperative present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβodɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβodɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoxidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβodidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoβidɔ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fydɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fydɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyxidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fydidɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyβidɔ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -re.
| |
| | |
| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>mārore</center> || <center>mārure</center> || <center>mārare</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævore</center> || <center>mārævure</center> || <center>mārævare</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun, whose nominative form is identical to the accusative.
| |
| | |
| ======Active participle======
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -θī. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroθīx</center> || <center>māruθīx</center> || <center>māraθīx</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoθīx</center> || <center>mārævuθīx</center> || <center>mārævaθīx</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| ======Passive participle======
| |
| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -ňi. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroňix</center> || <center>māruňix</center> || <center>māraňix</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoňix</center> || <center>mārævuňix</center> || <center>mārævaňix</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses.
| |
| | |
| ǧeneho māruňix sārex
| |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || kiɣam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || kiɣam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
