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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: morɔr, ''to see''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moroh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moroβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fyh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fydi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''pasat''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moruh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mor</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moruxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moruβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person features the ''null ending'', namely the absence of the thematic vowel itself. Thus, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant, or nasalizing the remaining vowel.
| |
| | |
| As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verbs imɔr, ''to be'', and zbonɔr, ''to flee', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>imɔr</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>zbonɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>imũ</center> || <center>zbonũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>imuh</center> || <center>zbonuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ĩ</center> || <center>zbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imuxi</center> || <center>zbonuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imudi</center> || <center>zbonudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>imuβi</center> || <center>zbonuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>foh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>foxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>foβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Future tense======
| | {|- |
| The '''future''' is a simple tense. The future infix -ɔbo- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbõ</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔboh</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbo</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔboxi</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbodi</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔboβi</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbõ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboh</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fybõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fyboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fybo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fybodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fyboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imuxi</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imudi</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more imɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔboh</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imɔbo</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori imɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe imũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe ĩ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi imuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''pasat''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fe</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morəβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morəβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, ''to know'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>soβɔr</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>saβəβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>for</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>feβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>moru iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moru imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moru iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future continuous tense======
| |
| The '''future continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>more iməβɔbõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔboh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>more iməβɔbo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔbodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mori iməβɔboβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβoh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβodi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβoβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, ''to be''. The participle is always in the accusative case (<small>/meant as its base form</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>morɔbe iməβũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe iməβuh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>morɔbe imə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuxi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβudi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>morɔbi iməβuβi</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
| |
| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms either for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person, or for the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular and plural person.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārūto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūmīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūtīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -re.
| |
| | |
| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>mārore</center> || <center>mārure</center> || <center>mārare</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævore</center> || <center>mārævure</center> || <center>mārævare</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun, whose nominative form is identical to the accusative.
| |
| | |
| =====Active participle=====
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -θī. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroθīx</center> || <center>māruθīx</center> || <center>māraθīx</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoθīx</center> || <center>mārævuθīx</center> || <center>mārævaθīx</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -ňi. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroňix</center> || <center>māruňix</center> || <center>māraňix</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoňix</center> || <center>mārævuňix</center> || <center>mārævaňix</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| ǧeneho māruňix sārex
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
