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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: mārore, ''to see''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārot</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māromī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārotī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārovī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārokī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Past tense=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārum</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārut</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māru</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārumī</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārutī</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māruvī</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārukī</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>māram</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārat</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māra</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māramī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māratī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māravī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārakī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative present forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævore patūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent past infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative present forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævure patūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative past forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævore patum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patut</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patumī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patutī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patuvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patukī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Dependent mood====
| |
| The '''dependent''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is limited, usually when a verbal form is introduced by another verb.
| |
| | |
| In simple tenses, the dependent widely features the infix -æv-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārævūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārævom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævot</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævomī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævotī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævovī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævokī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārævum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævut</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævumī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævutī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævuvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævukī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārævam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævat</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māræva</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævamī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævatī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævavī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævakī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent present forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævore patævūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent past infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent present forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævure patævūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævūt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævūmī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævūtī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævūvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævure patævūkī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent past forms of the verb patore, ''to go'', :
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 200px;"| <center>mārævore patævum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævut</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævumī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævutī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævuvī</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārævore patævukī</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Imperative mood====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.
| |
| | |
| It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms either for the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person, or for the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular and plural person.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārūto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūmīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūtīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -re.
| |
| | |
| It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>mārore</center> || <center>mārure</center> || <center>mārare</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævore</center> || <center>mārævure</center> || <center>mārævare</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun, whose nominative form is identical to the accusative.
| |
| | |
| =====Active participle=====
| |
| The '''active participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -θī. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroθīx</center> || <center>māruθīx</center> || <center>māraθīx</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoθīx</center> || <center>mārævuθīx</center> || <center>mārævaθīx</center>
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| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
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| =====Passive participle=====
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| The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses: ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect''. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -ňi. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>māroňix</center> || <center>māruňix</center> || <center>māraňix</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | ''<small>dependent</small>'' || <center>mārævoňix</center> || <center>mārævuňix</center> || <center>mārævaňix</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| ǧeneho māruňi sāre
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
