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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: märose, ''to see'' (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation), pöħuse, ''to establish'' (2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation), giɕëse, ''to pretend'' (3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation), hëhɑse, ''to happen, to occur'' (4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation), pɑse, ''to shine'' (5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation).
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
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| Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {|
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;"| ''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation:'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-o-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-u-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ë-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ɑ-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
| |
| | |
| ====Indicative mood====
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüm</center> || <center>pöħüm</center> || <center>giɕym</center> || <center>hëhym</center> || <center>pöm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüd</center> || <center>pöħüd</center> || <center>giɕyd</center> || <center>hëhyd</center> || <center>pöd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüg</center> || <center>pöħüg</center> || <center>giɕyg</center> || <center>hëhyg</center> || <center>pög</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märümy</center> || <center>pöħümy</center> || <center>giɕymy</center> || <center>hëhymy</center> || <center>pömy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märüdy</center> || <center>pöħüdy</center> || <center>giɕydy</center> || <center>hëhydy</center> || <center>pödy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märügy</center> || <center>pöħügy</center> || <center>giɕygy</center> || <center>hëhygy</center> || <center>pögy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märom</center> || <center>pöħom</center> || <center>giɕëm</center> || <center>hëhɑm</center> || <center>pɑm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märod</center> || <center>pöħod</center> || <center>giɕëd</center> || <center>hëhɑd</center> || <center>pɑd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märog</center> || <center>pöħog</center> || <center>giɕëg</center> || <center>hëhɑg</center> || <center>pɑg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märomy</center> || <center>pöħomy</center> || <center>giɕëmy</center> || <center>hëhɑmy</center> || <center>pɑmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märody</center> || <center>pöħody</center> || <center>giɕëdy</center> || <center>hëhɑdy</center> || <center>pɑdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märogy</center> || <center>pöħogy</center> || <center>giɕëgy</center> || <center>hëhɑgy</center> || <center>pɑgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ä-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑm</center> || <center>pöħëm</center> || <center>giɕäm</center> || <center>hëhüm</center> || <center>pam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑd</center> || <center>pöħëd</center> || <center>giɕäd</center> || <center>hëhüd</center> || <center>pad</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑg</center> || <center>pöħëg</center> || <center>giɕäg</center> || <center>hëhüg</center> || <center>pag</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑmy</center> || <center>pöħëmy</center> || <center>giɕämy</center> || <center>hëhümy</center> || <center>pamy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑdy</center> || <center>pöħëdy</center> || <center>giɕädy</center> || <center>hëhüdy</center> || <center>pady</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-ö-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëm</center> || <center>pöħym</center> || <center>giɕöm</center> || <center>hëhëm</center> || <center>pom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëd</center> || <center>pöħyd</center> || <center>giɕöd</center> || <center>hëhëd</center> || <center>pod</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëg</center> || <center>pöħyg</center> || <center>giɕög</center> || <center>hëhëg</center> || <center>pog</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëmy</center> || <center>pöħymy</center> || <center>giɕömy</center> || <center>hëhëmy</center> || <center>pomy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëdy</center> || <center>pöħydy</center> || <center>giɕödy</center> || <center>hëhëdy</center> || <center>pody</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëgy</center> || <center>pöħygy</center> || <center>giɕögy</center> || <center>hëhëgy</center> || <center>pogy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>-u-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märum</center> || <center>pöħum</center> || <center>giɕum</center> || <center>hëhum</center> || <center>pum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märud</center> || <center>pöħud</center> || <center>giɕud</center> || <center>hëhud</center> || <center>pud</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märug</center> || <center>pöħug</center> || <center>giɕug</center> || <center>hëhug</center> || <center>pug</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märumy</center> || <center>pöħumy</center> || <center>giɕumy</center> || <center>hëhumy</center> || <center>pumy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märudy</center> || <center>pöħudy</center> || <center>giɕudy</center> || <center>hëhudy</center> || <center>pudy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märugy</center> || <center>pöħugy</center> || <center>giɕugy</center> || <center>hëhugy</center> || <center>pugy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (<small>being these the same as the suffixes of the pluperfect tense with an additional -w-</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-yw-</center> || <center>-öw-</center> || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-(<small>''various'')</small>w-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwm</center> || <center>pöħywm</center> || <center>giɕöwm</center> || <center>hëhëwm</center> || <center>powm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwd</center> || <center>pöħywd</center> || <center>giɕöwd</center> || <center>hëhëwd</center> || <center>powd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëwg</center> || <center>pöħywg</center> || <center>giɕöwg</center> || <center>hëhëwg</center> || <center>powg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwmy</center> || <center>pöħywmy</center> || <center>giɕöwmy</center> || <center>hëhëwmy</center> || <center>powmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwdy</center> || <center>pöħywdy</center> || <center>giɕöwdy</center> || <center>hëhëwdy</center> || <center>powdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëwgy</center> || <center>pöħywgy</center> || <center>giɕöwgy</center> || <center>hëhëwgy</center> || <center>powgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''future in the past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (<small>being these the same as the suffixes of the past tense with an additional -w-</small>):
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑw-</center> || <center>-ëw-</center> || <center>-äw-</center> || <center>-üw-</center> || <center>-(<small>''various'')</small>w-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwm</center> || <center>pöħëwm</center> || <center>giɕäwm</center> || <center>hëhüwm</center> || <center>pawm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwd</center> || <center>pöħëwd</center> || <center>giɕäwd</center> || <center>hëhüwd</center> || <center>pawd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑwg</center> || <center>pöħëwg</center> || <center>giɕäwg</center> || <center>hëhüwg</center> || <center>pawg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwmy</center> || <center>pöħëwmy</center> || <center>giɕäwmy</center> || <center>hëhüwmy</center> || <center>pawmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwdy</center> || <center>pöħëwdy</center> || <center>giɕäwdy</center> || <center>hëhüwdy</center> || <center>pawdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑwgy</center> || <center>pöħëwgy</center> || <center>giɕäwgy</center> || <center>hëhüwgy</center> || <center>pawgy</center>
| |
| |}
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|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | {|- |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| |
| | |
| In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
| |
| | |
| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| |
| | |
| =====Agentive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Passive participle=====
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
|
| |
|
| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
| |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
