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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: märose, ''to see'' (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation), pöħuse, ''to establish'' (2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation), giɕëse, ''to pretend'' (3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation), hëhɑse, ''to happen, to occur'' (4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation), pɑse, ''to shine'' (5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation).
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
|
| Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {|
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;"| ''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation:'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-o-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-u-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ë-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ɑ-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
| |
| | |
| ====Indicative mood====
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüm</center> || <center>pöħüm</center> || <center>giɕym</center> || <center>hëhym</center> || <center>pöm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüd</center> || <center>pöħüd</center> || <center>giɕyd</center> || <center>hëhyd</center> || <center>pöd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüg</center> || <center>pöħüg</center> || <center>giɕyg</center> || <center>hëhyg</center> || <center>pög</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märümy</center> || <center>pöħümy</center> || <center>giɕymy</center> || <center>hëhymy</center> || <center>pömy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märüdy</center> || <center>pöħüdy</center> || <center>giɕydy</center> || <center>hëhydy</center> || <center>pödy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märügy</center> || <center>pöħügy</center> || <center>giɕygy</center> || <center>hëhygy</center> || <center>pögy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märom</center> || <center>pöħom</center> || <center>giɕëm</center> || <center>hëhɑm</center> || <center>pɑm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märod</center> || <center>pöħod</center> || <center>giɕëd</center> || <center>hëhɑd</center> || <center>pɑd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märog</center> || <center>pöħog</center> || <center>giɕëg</center> || <center>hëhɑg</center> || <center>pɑg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märomy</center> || <center>pöħomy</center> || <center>giɕëmy</center> || <center>hëhɑmy</center> || <center>pɑmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märody</center> || <center>pöħody</center> || <center>giɕëdy</center> || <center>hëhɑdy</center> || <center>pɑdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märogy</center> || <center>pöħogy</center> || <center>giɕëgy</center> || <center>hëhɑgy</center> || <center>pɑgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ä-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑm</center> || <center>pöħëm</center> || <center>giɕäm</center> || <center>hëhüm</center> || <center>pam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑd</center> || <center>pöħëd</center> || <center>giɕäd</center> || <center>hëhüd</center> || <center>pad</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑg</center> || <center>pöħëg</center> || <center>giɕäg</center> || <center>hëhüg</center> || <center>pag</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑmy</center> || <center>pöħëmy</center> || <center>giɕämy</center> || <center>hëhümy</center> || <center>pamy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑdy</center> || <center>pöħëdy</center> || <center>giɕädy</center> || <center>hëhüdy</center> || <center>pady</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Conditional mood====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Infinitive=====
| | {|- |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʂetenəme</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəme</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
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| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəme</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəme</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəme</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| |} | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
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| =====Participle=====
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| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.
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| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īto, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -əwkiə:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active participle</small>''</center>
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| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekīto</center> || <center>ʂetenīto</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenīto</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
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| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākīto</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkīto</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkīto</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive participle</small>''</center>
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| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂetenəwkiə</center>
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| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəwkiə</center>
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| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
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| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
