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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: märose, ''to see'' (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation), pöħuse, ''to establish'' (2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation), giɕëse, ''to pretend'' (3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation), hëhɑse, ''to happen, to occur'' (4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation), pɑse, ''to shine'' (5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation).
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
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| Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {|
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;"| ''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation:'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-o-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-u-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ë-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ɑ-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
| |
| | |
| ====Indicative mood====
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüm</center> || <center>pöħüm</center> || <center>giɕym</center> || <center>hëhym</center> || <center>pöm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüd</center> || <center>pöħüd</center> || <center>giɕyd</center> || <center>hëhyd</center> || <center>pöd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüg</center> || <center>pöħüg</center> || <center>giɕyg</center> || <center>hëhyg</center> || <center>pög</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märümy</center> || <center>pöħümy</center> || <center>giɕymy</center> || <center>hëhymy</center> || <center>pömy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märüdy</center> || <center>pöħüdy</center> || <center>giɕydy</center> || <center>hëhydy</center> || <center>pödy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märügy</center> || <center>pöħügy</center> || <center>giɕygy</center> || <center>hëhygy</center> || <center>pögy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märom</center> || <center>pöħom</center> || <center>giɕëm</center> || <center>hëhɑm</center> || <center>pɑm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märod</center> || <center>pöħod</center> || <center>giɕëd</center> || <center>hëhɑd</center> || <center>pɑd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märog</center> || <center>pöħog</center> || <center>giɕëg</center> || <center>hëhɑg</center> || <center>pɑg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märomy</center> || <center>pöħomy</center> || <center>giɕëmy</center> || <center>hëhɑmy</center> || <center>pɑmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märody</center> || <center>pöħody</center> || <center>giɕëdy</center> || <center>hëhɑdy</center> || <center>pɑdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märogy</center> || <center>pöħogy</center> || <center>giɕëgy</center> || <center>hëhɑgy</center> || <center>pɑgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Past tense=====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ä-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑm</center> || <center>pöħëm</center> || <center>giɕäm</center> || <center>hëhüm</center> || <center>pam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑd</center> || <center>pöħëd</center> || <center>giɕäd</center> || <center>hëhüd</center> || <center>pad</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑg</center> || <center>pöħëg</center> || <center>giɕäg</center> || <center>hëhüg</center> || <center>pag</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑmy</center> || <center>pöħëmy</center> || <center>giɕämy</center> || <center>hëhümy</center> || <center>pamy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑdy</center> || <center>pöħëdy</center> || <center>giɕädy</center> || <center>hëhüdy</center> || <center>pady</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules. | |
| | |
| ====Conditional mood====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəme</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Participle=====
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īto, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -əwkiə:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active participle</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekīto</center> || <center>ʂetenīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākīto</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkīto</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive participle</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂetenəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
