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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: märose, ''to see'' (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation), pöħuse, ''to establish'' (2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation), giɕëse, ''to pretend'' (3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation), hëhɑse, ''to happen, to occur'' (4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation), pɑse, ''to shine'' (5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation).
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| {|
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;"| ''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation:'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-o-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-u-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ë-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ɑ-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
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| | |
| ====Indicative mood====
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüm</center> || <center>pöħüm</center> || <center>giɕym</center> || <center>hëhym</center> || <center>pöm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüd</center> || <center>pöħüd</center> || <center>giɕyd</center> || <center>hëhyd</center> || <center>pöd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüg</center> || <center>pöħüg</center> || <center>giɕyg</center> || <center>hëhyg</center> || <center>pög</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märümy</center> || <center>pöħümy</center> || <center>giɕymy</center> || <center>hëhymy</center> || <center>pömy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märüdy</center> || <center>pöħüdy</center> || <center>giɕydy</center> || <center>hëhydy</center> || <center>pödy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märügy</center> || <center>pöħügy</center> || <center>giɕygy</center> || <center>hëhygy</center> || <center>pögy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märom</center> || <center>pöħom</center> || <center>giɕëm</center> || <center>hëhɑm</center> || <center>pɑm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märod</center> || <center>pöħod</center> || <center>giɕëd</center> || <center>hëhɑd</center> || <center>pɑd</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märog</center> || <center>pöħog</center> || <center>giɕëg</center> || <center>hëhɑg</center> || <center>pɑg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märomy</center> || <center>pöħomy</center> || <center>giɕëmy</center> || <center>hëhɑmy</center> || <center>pɑmy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märody</center> || <center>pöħody</center> || <center>giɕëdy</center> || <center>hëhɑdy</center> || <center>pɑdy</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märogy</center> || <center>pöħogy</center> || <center>giɕëgy</center> || <center>hëhɑgy</center> || <center>pɑgy</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective present/future tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective present/future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱāker</center> || <center>ʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱāk</center> || <center>ʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective past ''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱeker</center> || <center>ʔaʂetener</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱek</center> || <center>ʔaʂeten</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱāker</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱāk</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective future tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The verb ʔəɳəme, in its non-auxiliary function, does not usually display any long form in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person. As an auxiliary it may build the long form according to its adjoining verb.
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| | |
| The imperfective future tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| |
| | |
| ====Conditional mood====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | {|- |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʂetenəme</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəme</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəme</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəme</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəme</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Participle=====
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īto, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -əwkiə:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active participle</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekīto</center> || <center>ʂetenīto</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenīto</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākīto</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkīto</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkīto</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive participle</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂetenəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
