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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: māḱekəme, ''to close, to shut'', featuring the regular introflexive process of vowel switching between the root, and ʂetenəme, ''to write'', featuring the -iək- expansion in the perfective root.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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|
| <small>(All verbs forming their perfective root with the -iək- infix are regarded as irregular. They, however, follow the regular conjugation patters of regular verbs, besides the irregular perfective formation)</small> | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| |
|
| =====Imperfective present tense=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekol</center> || <center>ʂetenol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱeker</center> || <center>ʂetener</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekət́</center> || <center>ʂetenət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱek</center> || <center>ʂeten</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekolon</center> || <center>ʂetenolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekeron</center> || <center>ʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekon</center> || <center>ʂetenon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The imperfective present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective present/future tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective present/future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱāker</center> || <center>ʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱāk</center> || <center>ʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective past ''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱeker</center> || <center>ʔaʂetener</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱek</center> || <center>ʔaʂeten</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱāker</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱāk</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective future tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The verb ʔəɳəme, in its non-auxiliary function, does not usually display any long form in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person. As an auxiliary it may build the long form according to its adjoining verb.
| |
| | |
| The imperfective future tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ====Conditional mood====
| | {|- |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕol</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕer</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>māḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕolon</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕeron</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕət́on</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>māḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʂetenoṕon</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕol</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕeron</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākoṕət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākoṕon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules. | |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəme</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Participle=====
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕädīdə</center> || <center>xixehīdə</center> || <center>pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>xexihīdə</center> || <center>pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The '''passive participle''' is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́uhi</center> || <center>xixeh́uhi</center> || <center>pürüćuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́uhi</center> || <center>xexih́uhi</center> || <center>pürüciǵuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
| |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| äs mäɕod́uhi
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| <small>the harvest</small>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
