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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: māḱekəme, ''to close, to shut'', featuring the regular introflexive process of vowel switching between the root, and ʂetenəme, ''to write'', featuring the -iək- expansion in the perfective root.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| |
|
| <small>(All verbs forming their perfective root with the -iək- infix are regarded as irregular. They, however, follow the regular conjugation patters of regular verbs, besides the irregular perfective formation)</small> | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| =====Imperfective present tense=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekol</center> || <center>ʂetenol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱeker</center> || <center>ʂetener</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekət́</center> || <center>ʂetenət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱek</center> || <center>ʂeten</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekolon</center> || <center>ʂetenolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekeron</center> || <center>ʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekon</center> || <center>ʂetenon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The imperfective present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective present/future tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective present/future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱāker</center> || <center>ʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱāk</center> || <center>ʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective past ''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱeker</center> || <center>ʔaʂetener</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱek</center> || <center>ʔaʂeten</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱāker</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱāk</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfective future tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The verb ʔəɳəme, in its non-auxiliary function, does not usually display any long form in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person. As an auxiliary it may build the long form according to its adjoining verb.
| |
| | |
| The imperfective future tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
| |
| | |
| djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū
| |
| <small>to drink → I might drink</small>
| |
| | |
| lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū
| |
| <small>to see → I might see</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛts</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛts</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. | |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwgɛ</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwgɛ</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitive forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
| |
| čilügɛ
| |
| <small>to sleep</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
| |
| | |
| It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It widely features the infix -juɣi/-́uɣi, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -juɣi or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>uɣi-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
| |
| | |
| djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝuɣiw
| |
| <small>to drink → drunk</small>
| |
| | |
| lilužiwgɛ → līlužuɣiw
| |
| <small>to see → seen</small>
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjuɣiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjuɣiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjuɣiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjuɣiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
| |
| | |
| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
| |
| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| šūnju šiwšɛčuɣiw
| |
| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
| |
| | |
| šūnjū šɛšiwɛčuɣü
| |
| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| xiṡɛɣjuɣiw
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
