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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, ''to fall''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛc or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡig</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mmɛtsōdünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛc or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwç</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The subjunctive infix -iwň-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwç</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwçün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). TThe subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
| |
| | |
| djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū
| |
| <small>to drink → I might drink</small>
| |
| | |
| lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū
| |
| <small>to see → I might see</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛts</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛts</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center> | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Infinitive======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwgɛ</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwgɛ</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitive forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
| |
| čilügɛ
| |
| <small>to sleep</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
| |
| | |
| It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It widely features the infix -juɣi/-́uɣi, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -juɣi or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>uɣi-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
| |
| | |
| djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝuɣiw
| |
| <small>to drink → drunk</small>
| |
| | |
| lilužiwgɛ → līlužuɣiw
| |
| <small>to see → seen</small>
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjuɣiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjuɣiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjuɣiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjuɣiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänühä moɕäd́uhi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || cänühä mäɕod́uhi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
