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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, ''to fall''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛg</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛc or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡig</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mmɛtsōdünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛc or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwç</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwçün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīduhiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣīdū</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdiwňünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣiwňün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective present tense======
| |
| The '''Perfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňür</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdiwňünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣiwňün</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
| |
| | |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| The '''optative''' mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusü</center> || <center>xixehusü</center> || <center>pürücusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusir</center> || <center>xixehusir</center> || <center>pürücusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduśäh</center> || <center>xixehus</center> || <center>pürücus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunü</center> || <center>xixehusunü</center> || <center>pürücusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunir</center> || <center>xixehusunir</center> || <center>pürücusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusuńäh</center> || <center>xixehusun</center> || <center>pürücusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusü</center> || <center>xexihusü</center> || <center>pürücigusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusir</center> || <center>xexihusir</center> || <center>pürücigusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduśäh</center> || <center>xexihus</center> || <center>pürücigus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunü</center> || <center>xexihusunü</center> || <center>pürücigusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunir</center> || <center>xexihusunir</center> || <center>pürücigusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusuńäh</center> || <center>xexihusun</center> || <center>pürücigusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present continuous tense======
| | {|- |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücīdə</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücīdənə</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfect tense======
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Future tense======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänus xixehühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänus xexihühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänus xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüćäɕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüćäɕun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''past root''. It is marked by the ending -ühä.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕädühä</center> || <center>xixehühä</center> || <center>pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕodühä</center> || <center>xexihühä</center> || <center>pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.
| |
| | |
| äs xemunühä
| |
| <small>the food</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕädīdə</center> || <center>xixehīdə</center> || <center>pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>xexihīdə</center> || <center>pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The '''passive participle''' is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́uhi</center> || <center>xixeh́uhi</center> || <center>pürüćuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́uhi</center> || <center>xexih́uhi</center> || <center>pürüciǵuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
| |
| | |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
| |
| | |
| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
| |
| | |
| äs mäɕod́uhi
| |
| <small>the harvest</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''perfect''''' || cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusperfect''''' || häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || cänühä moɕäd́uhi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''past''''' || cänühä mäɕod́uhi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
