|
|
| (748 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as a '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädü</center> || <center>xixehü</center> || <center>pürücü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädir</center> || <center>xixehir</center> || <center>pürücir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äh</center> || <center>xixeg</center> || <center>pürüc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunü</center> || <center>xixehunü</center> || <center>pürücunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunir</center> || <center>xixehunir</center> || <center>pürücunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduńäh</center> || <center>xixehun</center> || <center>pürücun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
| | |
| rīrusühä → rīruśäh
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| |
| | |
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ṕőrühä → ṕőw
| |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flies</small> | |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodü</center> || <center>xexihü</center> || <center>pürücigü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodir</center> || <center>xexihir</center> || <center>pürücigir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äh</center> || <center>xexig</center> || <center>pürücig</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunü</center> || <center>xexihunü</center> || <center>pürücigunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunir</center> || <center>xexihunir</center> || <center>pürücigunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduńäh</center> || <center>xexihun</center> || <center>pürücigun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
| | |
| rīrusühä → rurīśäh
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it saw</small>
| |
| | |
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| |
| | |
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ṕőrühä → ṕöw
| |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flew</small>
| |
| | |
| In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cän xixehīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcän xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cän xexihīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcän xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädühä</center> || <center>cän xixehühä</center> || <center>cän pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cän xexihühä</center> || <center>cän pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcän xixehühä</center> || <center>häcän pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -ün-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünü</center> || <center>xixehünü</center> || <center>pürücünü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünir</center> || <center>xixehünir</center> || <center>pürücünir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädüńäh</center> || <center>xixehün</center> || <center>pürücün</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünunü</center> || <center>xixehünunü</center> || <center>pürücünunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünunir</center> || <center>xixehünunir</center> || <center>pürücünunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünuńäh</center> || <center>xixehünun</center> || <center>pürücünun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünü</center> || <center>xexihünü</center> || <center>pürücigünü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünir</center> || <center>xexihünir</center> || <center>pürücigünir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodüńäh</center> || <center>xexihün</center> || <center>pürücigün</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünunü</center> || <center>xexihünunü</center> || <center>pürücigünunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünunir</center> || <center>xexihünunir</center> || <center>pürücigünunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünuńäh</center> || <center>xexihünun</center> || <center>pürücigünun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänünü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänünü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänünir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänünir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänün xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänün pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänün xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänün pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänünü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänünü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänünir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänünir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänün xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänün pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänün xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänün pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ======Future tense======
| | {|- |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünü pürücühä</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünir pürücühä</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänün xixehühä</center> || <center>cänün pürücühä</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücühä</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücühä</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünun pürücühä</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünir pürücigühä</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänün xexihühä</center> || <center>cänün pürücigühä</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücigühä</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücigühä</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünun pürücigühä</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänün xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänün pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| The '''optative''' mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusü</center> || <center>xixehusü</center> || <center>pürücusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusir</center> || <center>xixehusir</center> || <center>pürücusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduśäh</center> || <center>xixehus</center> || <center>pürücus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunü</center> || <center>xixehusunü</center> || <center>pürücusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunir</center> || <center>xixehusunir</center> || <center>pürücusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusuńäh</center> || <center>xixehusun</center> || <center>pürücusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusü</center> || <center>xexihusü</center> || <center>pürücigusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusir</center> || <center>xexihusir</center> || <center>pürücigusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduśäh</center> || <center>xexihus</center> || <center>pürücigus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunü</center> || <center>xexihusunü</center> || <center>pürücigusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunir</center> || <center>xexihusunir</center> || <center>pürücigusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusuńäh</center> || <center>xexihusun</center> || <center>pürücigusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänus xixehühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänus xexihühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänus xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities. | |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüćäɕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüćäɕun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''past root''. It is marked by the ending -ühä.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕädühä</center> || <center>xixehühä</center> || <center>pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕodühä</center> || <center>xexihühä</center> || <center>pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.
| |
| | |
| äs xemunühä
| |
| <small>the food</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.
| |
| | |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕädīdə</center> || <center>xixehīdə</center> || <center>pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>xexihīdə</center> || <center>pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The '''passive participle''' is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class IIg</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́uhi</center> || <center>xixeh́uhi</center> || <center>pürüćuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́uhi</center> || <center>xexih́uhi</center> || <center>pürüciǵuhi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Le forme del participio passivo sono tendenzialmente irregolari, in quanto la desinenza -́uhi palatalizza sistematicamente tutte le consonanti in possesso di una controparte palatalizzata. Ciò rende il participio passato uno dei modi più ricchi di forme irregolari.
| |
| | |
| Il participio attivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che svolge attivamente un’azione. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale.
| |
| | |
| Il participio passivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che subisce passivamente un’azione. Viene largamente usato sia nella coniugazione verbale per la formazione della diatesi passiva, sia come aggettivo. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale.
| |
| | |
| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
| |
| | |
| äs mäɕod́uhi
| |
| <small>the harvest</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
| |
| | |
| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
| |
| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
| |
| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
| |
| | |
| ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
| |
| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| hišegguǵ
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
