|
|
| (759 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as a '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädü</center> || <center>xixehü</center> || <center>pürücü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädir</center> || <center>xixehir</center> || <center>pürücir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äh</center> || <center>xixeg</center> || <center>pürüc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunü</center> || <center>xixehunü</center> || <center>pürücunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunir</center> || <center>xixehunir</center> || <center>pürücunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduńäh</center> || <center>xixehun</center> || <center>pürücun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
| | |
| rīrusühä → rīruśäh
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small> | |
| | |
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| |
| | |
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ṕőrühä → ṕőw
| |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flies</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodü</center> || <center>xexihü</center> || <center>pürücigü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodir</center> || <center>xexihir</center> || <center>pürücigir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äh</center> || <center>xexig</center> || <center>pürücig</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunü</center> || <center>xexihunü</center> || <center>pürücigunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunir</center> || <center>xexihunir</center> || <center>pürücigunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduńäh</center> || <center>xexihun</center> || <center>pürücigun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
| | |
| rīrusühä → rurīśäh
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it saw</small>
| |
| | |
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| |
| | |
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ṕőrühä → ṕöw
| |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flew</small>
| |
| | |
| In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cän xixehīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcän xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cän xexihīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcän xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädühä</center> || <center>cän xixehühä</center> || <center>cän pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cän xexihühä</center> || <center>cän pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcän xixehühä</center> || <center>häcän pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -ün-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünü</center> || <center>xixehünü</center> || <center>pürücünü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünir</center> || <center>xixehünir</center> || <center>pürücünir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädüńäh</center> || <center>xixehün</center> || <center>pürücün</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünunü</center> || <center>xixehünunü</center> || <center>pürücünunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünunir</center> || <center>xixehünunir</center> || <center>pürücünunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädünuńäh</center> || <center>xixehünun</center> || <center>pürücünun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünü</center> || <center>xexihünü</center> || <center>pürücigünü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünir</center> || <center>xexihünir</center> || <center>pürücigünir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodüńäh</center> || <center>xexihün</center> || <center>pürücigün</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünunü</center> || <center>xexihünunü</center> || <center>pürücigünunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünunir</center> || <center>xexihünunir</center> || <center>pürücigünunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodünuńäh</center> || <center>xexihünun</center> || <center>pürücigünun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänünü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänünü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänünir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänünir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänün xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänün pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänün xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänün pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänünü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänünü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänünir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänünir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänün xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänün pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänünun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänün xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänün pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänün xixehühä</center> || <center>cänün pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänünun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänünun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänünir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänün mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänün xexihühä</center> || <center>cänün pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänünun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänünun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänünun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänünir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänün moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänün xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänün pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänünun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänünun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänünun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| The '''optative''' mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusü</center> || <center>xixehusü</center> || <center>pürücusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusir</center> || <center>xixehusir</center> || <center>pürücusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduśäh</center> || <center>xixehus</center> || <center>pürücus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunü</center> || <center>xixehusunü</center> || <center>pürücusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunir</center> || <center>xixehusunir</center> || <center>pürücusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusuńäh</center> || <center>xixehusun</center> || <center>pürücusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusü</center> || <center>xexihusü</center> || <center>pürücigusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusir</center> || <center>xexihusir</center> || <center>pürücigusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduśäh</center> || <center>xexihus</center> || <center>pürücigus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunü</center> || <center>xexihusunü</center> || <center>pürücigusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunir</center> || <center>xexihusunir</center> || <center>pürücigusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusuńäh</center> || <center>xexihusun</center> || <center>pürücigusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänus xixehühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänus xexihühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänus xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Potential mood=====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusü</center> || <center>xixehusü</center> || <center>pürücusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusir</center> || <center>xixehusir</center> || <center>pürücusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduśäh</center> || <center>xixehus</center> || <center>pürücus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunü</center> || <center>xixehusunü</center> || <center>pürücusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunir</center> || <center>xixehusunir</center> || <center>pürücusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusuńäh</center> || <center>xixehusun</center> || <center>pürücusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the potential infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusü</center> || <center>xexihusü</center> || <center>pürücigusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusir</center> || <center>xexihusir</center> || <center>pürücigusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduśäh</center> || <center>xexihus</center> || <center>pürücigus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunü</center> || <center>xexihusunü</center> || <center>pürücigusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunir</center> || <center>xexihusunir</center> || <center>pürücigusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusuńäh</center> || <center>xexihusun</center> || <center>pürücigusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the potential infix into -uś-.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
|
| |
|
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Past continuous tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfect tense======
| | {|- |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigīdə</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücigīdə</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücigīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücigīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücigīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücigīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücigīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücigīdənə</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb. | |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänus xixehühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänus xexihühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänus xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>infinitive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
| |
| petɔjge
| |
| <small>volare</small>
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
| |
| | |
| It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (<small>whose plural form is -ugi</small>). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (<small>the conditional infix undergoes no alteration</small>).
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>mɔcedužuǵ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>emɔcedužuǵ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
| |
| | |
| ež emɔcedduǵ
| |
| <small>the harvest</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
| |
| | |
| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
| |
| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
| |
| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
| |
| | |
| ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
| |
| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| hišegguǵ
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
