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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as a '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädü</center> || <center>xixehü</center> || <center>pürücü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädir</center> || <center>xixehir</center> || <center>pürücir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äh</center> || <center>xixeg</center> || <center>pürüc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunü</center> || <center>xixehunü</center> || <center>pürücunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunir</center> || <center>xixehunir</center> || <center>pürücunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduńäh</center> || <center>xixehun</center> || <center>pürücun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
|
| |
|
| rīrusühä → rīruśäh
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ṕőrühä → ṕőw
| | {|- |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flies</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodü</center> || <center>xexihü</center> || <center>pürücigü</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodir</center> || <center>xexihir</center> || <center>pürücigir</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äh</center> || <center>xexig</center> || <center>pürücig</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunü</center> || <center>xexihunü</center> || <center>pürücigunü</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodunir</center> || <center>xexihunir</center> || <center>pürücigunir</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduńäh</center> || <center>xexihun</center> || <center>pürücigun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ending -́äh or ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur.
| |
| | |
| The ending -́äh always causes ''palatalization'' of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.
| |
| | |
| rīrusühä → rurīśäh
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it saw</small>
| |
| | |
| If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.
| |
| | |
| The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ṕőrühä → ṕöw
| |
| <small>to fly→ he/she/it flew</small>
| |
| | |
| In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cän xixehīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücīdə</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücīdənə</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcän xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cän xexihīdə</center> || <center>cän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcän mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcän xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcän pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cän moɕädühä</center> || <center>cän xixehühä</center> || <center>cän pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root: | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
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| |}
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| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
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| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
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| =====Conditional mood=====
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| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
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| The conditional widely features the infix -už- (<small>altered in -uš, when ending a word</small>), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
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| ======Imperfective present tense======
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| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔceduš</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužun</center>
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| |}
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| The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person.
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| ======Imperfective future tense======
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| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjgehɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgeh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehun</center>
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| |}
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| ======Perfective future tense======
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| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjgehɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgeh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunih</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehun</center>
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| |}
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| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
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| ======Imperfective past tense======
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| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |}
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| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
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| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
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| |}
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| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
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| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
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| =====Non-finite forms=====
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| The non-finite verbal forms are:
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| ======Infinitive======
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| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>infinitive</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjge</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjge</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
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| petɔjge
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| <small>volare</small>
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| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
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| ======Participle======
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| The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
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| It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (<small>whose plural form is -ugi</small>). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (<small>the conditional infix undergoes no alteration</small>).
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>mɔcedužuǵ</center>
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| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>emɔcedužuǵ</center>
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| |-
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| |}
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| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
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| ež emɔcedduǵ
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| <small>the harvest</small>
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| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
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| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
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| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
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| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
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| Examples:
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| ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
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| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
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| ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
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| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
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| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| hišegguǵ
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
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| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
