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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as a '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädü</center> || <center>xixehü</center> || <center>pürücü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädir</center> || <center>xixehir</center> || <center>pürücir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äh</center> || <center>xixeg</center> || <center>pürüc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunü</center> || <center>xixehunü</center> || <center>pürücunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädunir</center> || <center>xixehunir</center> || <center>pürücunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduńäh</center> || <center>xixehun</center> || <center>pürücun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ləjužəjge → ləjuš
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small> | |
| | |
| kojrəjge → kojh
| |
| <small>to hear → he/she/it hears</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Conditional mood=====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
|
| |
|
| The conditional widely features the infix -už- (<small>altered in -uš, when ending a word</small>), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužɔ</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužih</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔceduš</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunɔ</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunih</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužun</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjgehɔ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehih</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgeh</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunih</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehun</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfective future tense======
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root: | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>infinitive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
| |
| petɔjge
| |
| <small>volare</small>
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
| |
| | |
| It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (<small>whose plural form is -ugi</small>). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (<small>the conditional infix undergoes no alteration</small>).
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>mɔcedužuǵ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>emɔcedužuǵ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
| |
| | |
| ež emɔcedduǵ
| |
| <small>the harvest</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
| |
| | |
| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
| |
| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
| |
| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
| |
| | |
| ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
| |
| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| hišegguǵ
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
