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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: mɔcedəjge, ''to pick up, to collect''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔced</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ləjužəjge → ləjuš
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| kojrəjge → kojh
| |
| <small>to hear → he/she/it hears</small>
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| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
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|
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| The conditional widely features the infix -už- (<small>altered in -uš, when ending a word</small>), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužɔ</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužih</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔceduš</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunɔ</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužunih</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužun</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjgehɔ</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehih</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgeh</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehunih</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjgehun</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfective future tense======
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root: | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedužəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>infinitive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjge</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
| |
| petɔjge
| |
| <small>volare</small>
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
| |
| | |
| *The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
| |
| *The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
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| | |
| ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
| |
| <small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
| |
| | |
| ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
| |
| <small>the fields were cultivated</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| hišegguǵ
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>one falls, people fall</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
