|
|
| (797 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: mɔcedəjge, ''to pick up, to collect''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔced</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| ləjužəjge → ləjuš
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| kojrəjge → kojh
| |
| <small>to hear → he/she/it hears</small>
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective future tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective future tense======
| |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjgehɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunɔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehunih</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjgehun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective past tense======
| |
| The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective past tense======
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
| |
| | |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosasò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosasəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosas</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosason</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsò</center> || <center>kiɣasò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh</center> || <center>kjâh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs</center> || <center>kjàɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô</center> || <center>kiɣasô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh</center> || <center>kiɣasôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs</center> || <center>kjâɣ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosasò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosasəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosas</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosason</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehasò</center> || <center>êβasò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasəh</center> || <center>êβaséh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhas</center> || <center>êβas</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonò</center> || <center>êβasonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonəh</center> || <center>êβasonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhason</center> || <center>êβason</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Among the irregular verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsò</center> || <center>áɣiɣasò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh</center> || <center>áɣjâh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs</center> || <center>áɣjàɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô</center> || <center>áɣiɣasô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣasôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs</center> || <center>áɣjâɣ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
| |
| | |
| ======Preterite tense======
| |
| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tàsò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðàsò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| ======Anterior future tense======
| | {|- |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò áránosam</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh áránosam</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣasò ránosam</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâh ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjàɣ ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasô ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasôh ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâɣ ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| ======Infinitive======
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| |
| | |
| In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || kiɣam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || kiɣam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
