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| === Conjugation of a regular verb === | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, ''to bring''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| Four tenses are simple:
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugū</center> || <center>gugɛgū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugir</center> || <center>gugɛgir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunū</center> || <center>gugɛgunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunir</center> || <center>gugɛgunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugun</center> || <center>gugɛgun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *<sup>1</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
| |
| <small>to say → he/she/it says</small>
| |
| | |
| lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| *<sup>2</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
| |
| <small>to come → he/she/it comes</small>
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| |
|
| |
|
| Four tenses are simple:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwň</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwň</center> || <center>gugɛgiwň</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Optative mood====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The optative widely features the infix -uš-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. | |
| | |
| Four tenses are simple:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušū</center> || <center>gugɛgušū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušir</center> || <center>gugɛgušir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛguguš</center> || <center>hɛgɛguguš</center> || <center>gugɛguš</center> || <center>hɛgugɛguš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugušiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunū</center> || <center>gugɛgušunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunir</center> || <center>gugɛgušunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugušun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušun</center> || <center>gugɛgušun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Potential mood====
| |
| The potential widely features the infix -jɛʈ- (or its palatalizing version, -ɛʈ-), which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| Four tenses are simple:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈ</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈun</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms of the simple tenses in the potential mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the potential past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňɛʈ gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňɛʈiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňɛʈiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňɛʈun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix displays two possible forms, -jɛʈ or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛʈ. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. It merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending, palatalizing -ʈ into -c.
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>optative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>potential</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugušiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>hɛgɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>gugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
| |
| | |
| In its verbal function is usually used as object or subject of other verbs. It is the only non-finite form which has modal forms.
| |
| | |
| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| |
| | |
| =====Participle=====
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''agentive participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root'', and they have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| The '''agentive participle''' is formed through the ending -īdu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -jugiw / -ugiw.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>agentive</small>'' || <center>gɛgugīdu</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugīdu</center> || <center>gugɛgīdu</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjugiw</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjugiw</center> || <center>gugɛgjugiw</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjugiw</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.
| |
| | |
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
| |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle suffix displays two possible forms, -jugiw or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ugiw. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎugiw
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>to say → said</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| lilušiwgɛ → lilušugiw
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| <small>to see → seen</small>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
