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| === Conjugation of a regular verb === | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, ''to bring''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| Four tenses are simple:
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugū</center> || <center>gugɛgū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugir</center> || <center>gugɛgir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunū</center> || <center>gugɛgunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunir</center> || <center>gugɛgunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugun</center> || <center>gugɛgun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *<sup>1</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
| |
| <small>to say → he/she/it says</small>
| |
| | |
| lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| *<sup>2</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
| |
| <small>to come → he/she/it comes</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| Four tenses are simple:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňū</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňir</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňɛc</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>gɛgugiwň</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwň</center> || <center>gugɛgiwň</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwň</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Optative mood====
| |
| The optative widely features the infix -uš-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| Four tenses are simple:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušū</center> || <center>gugɛgušū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušir</center> || <center>gugɛgušir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛguguš</center> || <center>hɛgɛguguš</center> || <center>gugɛguš</center> || <center>hɛgugɛguš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugušiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunū</center> || <center>gugɛgušunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunir</center> || <center>gugɛgušunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugušunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgušunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugušun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušun</center> || <center>gugɛgušun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Potential mood====
| |
| The potential widely features the infix -jɛʈ- (or its palatalizing version, -ɛʈ-), which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| Four tenses are simple:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈ</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunū</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunir</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugjɛʈun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈun</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms of the simple tenses in the potential mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the potential past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňɛʈ gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňɛʈiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňɛʈiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛʈunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňɛʈun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The potential infix displays two possible forms, -jɛʈ or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛʈ. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. It merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending, palatalizing -ʈ into -c.
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>optative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>potential</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugušiwgɛ</center> || <center>gɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>hɛgɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugušiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>gugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgušiwgɛ</center> || <center>gugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgušiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| |
| | |
| In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
| |
| | |
| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| |
| | |
| =====Agentive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
| |
| | |
| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
| |
| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
