|
|
| (817 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| === Conjugation of a regular verb === | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, ''to bring''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| Four tenses are simple:
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugū</center> || <center>gugɛgū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugir</center> || <center>gugɛgir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunū</center> || <center>gugɛgunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunir</center> || <center>gugɛgunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugun</center> || <center>gugɛgun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *<sup>1</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
| |
| <small>to say → he/she/it says</small>
| |
| | |
| lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| *<sup>2</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
| |
| <small>to come → he/she/it comes</small>
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| Four tenses are simple:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwň</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwň</center> || <center>gugɛgiwň</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwň</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwňun</center> || <center>gugɛgiwňun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwňun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative present</small>''</center> || style="width: 210px;"| <center>''<small>resultative past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Conditional mood====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtser</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>lī́lopɑts</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑts</center> || <center>lolī́pɑts</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑts</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonow</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsoner</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |-
| |
| | <center>lī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtson</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope.
| |
| | |
| For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense).
| |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |- | |
| |} | |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| |
| | |
| In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
| |
| | |
| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| |
| | |
| =====Agentive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
| |
| | |
| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
| |
| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
