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| === Conjugation of a regular verb === | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, ''to bring''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| Four tenses are simple:
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugū</center> || <center>gugɛgū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugir</center> || <center>gugɛgir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjɛc<sup><small>1</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgɛgug<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>gugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center> || <center>hɛgugɛg<sup><small>2</sup></small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhū</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwhir</center> || <center>gugɛgiwhir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwhir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>gɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwcɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgiwcɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwcɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugiwh</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugiwh</center> || <center>gugɛgiwh</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgiwh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunū</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunū</center> || <center>gugɛgunū</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunū</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunir</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunir</center> || <center>gugɛgunir</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugunjɛc</center> || <center>gugɛgunjɛc</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgunjɛc</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>gɛgugun</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugun</center> || <center>gugɛgun</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *<sup>1</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
| |
| <small>to say → he/she/it says</small>
| |
| | |
| lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
| |
| <small>to see → he/she/it sees</small>
| |
| | |
| *<sup>2</sup> this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
| |
| | |
| čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
| |
| <small>to come → he/she/it comes</small>
| |
| | |
| There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
| |
| *''Imperfective future'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative present'': forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| *''Resultative past'': forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 180px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 180px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 180px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ</center> || <center>çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center> || <center>hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñow</center> || <center>lolī́piñow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñer</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñer</center> || <center>lolī́piñer</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>lī́lopiñ</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñ</center> || <center>lolī́piñ</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>lolī́piñonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñonow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>lolī́piñoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñoner</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponɑt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>lī́lopiñon</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñon</center> || <center>lolī́piñon</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| The subjunctive is mainly used as a dependent mood, with or without any subordinative conjunctions. In main clauses it may convey wish or exhortation, being thus used also as an imperative form.
| |
| | |
| ====Conditional mood====
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtser</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt</center>
| |
| |-
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| | <center>lī́lopɑts</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑts</center> || <center>lolī́pɑts</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑts</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsoner</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>lī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtson</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope.
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|
| |
|
| For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense).
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| =====Infinitive=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
|
| |
|
| In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| =====Agentive participle=====
| | {|- |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | |
| |} | |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
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| | |
| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
| |
| | |
| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
| |
| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
| |
| | |
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| |
| | |
| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
