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| === Conjugation of a regular verb === | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Example: lī́lopɑme, ''to see''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopow</center> || <center>lolī́pow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́loper</center> || <center>ʔalī́loper</center> || <center>lolī́per</center> || <center>ʔalolī́per</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑt</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>lī́lop</center> || <center>ʔalī́lop</center> || <center>lolī́p</center> || <center>ʔalolī́p</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponow</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponow</center> || <center>lolī́ponow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponer</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponer</center> || <center>lolī́poner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́poner</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponɑt</center> || <center>lolī́ponɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponɑt</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>lī́lopon</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopon</center> || <center>lolī́pon</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pon</center>
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| |}
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| The indicative mood conveys mainly true and certain actions or state, or at least regarded as such. It is the most used verbal mood in main clauses.
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| ====Subjunctive mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñow</center> || <center>lolī́piñow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñer</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñer</center> || <center>lolī́piñer</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñer</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑt</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>lī́lopiñ</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñ</center> || <center>lolī́piñ</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>lolī́piñonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñonow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>lolī́piñoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñoner</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponɑt</center>
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| | <center>lī́lopiñon</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñon</center> || <center>lolī́piñon</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñon</center>
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| |}
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| The subjunctive is mainly used as a dependent mood, with or without any subordinative conjunctions. In main clauses it may convey wish or exhortation, being thus used also as an imperative form.
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| ====Conditional mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsow</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtser</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt</center>
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| | <center>lī́lopɑts</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑts</center> || <center>lolī́pɑts</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑts</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonow</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsoner</center>
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt</center>
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| | <center>lī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtson</center>
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| |}
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| The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope.
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| For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense).
| | {|- |
| ====Non-finite forms====
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| =====Infinitive=====
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| |}
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| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
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| In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
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| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.
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| =====Agentive participle=====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center> | |
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center> | |
| |-
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| |}
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| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
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| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
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| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
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| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
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| =====Passive participle=====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
