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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: '''minušjid''' (<small>munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-</small>), ''to twist'', ''to bend''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽv</center> || <center>minušjid wĩvs</center> || <center>minušug wẽv</center> || <center>minušug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩrs</center> || <center>minušug wẽr</center> || <center>minušug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩs</center> || <center>minušug wẽh</center> || <center>minušug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I see you → I don't see you</small> | |
| | |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽv</center> || <center>munišjid wĩvs</center> || <center>munišug wẽv</center> || <center>munišug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩrs</center> || <center>munišug wẽr</center> || <center>munišug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩs</center> || <center>munišug wẽh</center> || <center>munišug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I used to see you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small> | |
| | |
| The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjov</center> || <center>minušjid mjuvs</center> || <center>minušug mjov</center> || <center>minušug mjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjer</center> || <center>minušjid mjirs</center> || <center>minušug mjer</center> || <center>minušug mjirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mješ</center> || <center>minušjid mjiš</center> || <center>minušug mješ</center> || <center>minušug mjiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mježõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mježõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
| |
| <small>I will see you → I won't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imjov</center> || <center>minušjid imjuvs</center> || <center>minušug imjov</center> || <center>minušug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imir</center> || <center>minušjid imirs</center> || <center>minušug imir</center> || <center>minušug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imeš</center> || <center>minušjid imiš</center> || <center>minušug imeš</center> || <center>minušug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I will have seen you → I won't have seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imjov</center> || <center>munišjid imjuvs</center> || <center>munišug imjov</center> || <center>munišug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imir</center> || <center>munišjid imirs</center> || <center>munišug imir</center> || <center>munišug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imeš</center> || <center>munišjid imiš</center> || <center>munišug imeš</center> || <center>munišug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I would see you → I would not see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| |
| | |
| The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| ====Conditional mood====
| |
| The '''conditional ''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.
| |
| | |
| The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
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|
| |
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| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
