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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: '''minušjid''' (<small>munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-</small>), ''to twist'', ''to bend''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽv</center> || <center>minušjid wĩvs</center> || <center>minušug wẽv</center> || <center>minušug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩrs</center> || <center>minušug wẽr</center> || <center>minušug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩs</center> || <center>minušug wẽh</center> || <center>minušug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I see you → I don't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽv</center> || <center>munišjid wĩvs</center> || <center>munišug wẽv</center> || <center>munišug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩrs</center> || <center>munišug wẽr</center> || <center>munišug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩs</center> || <center>munišug wẽh</center> || <center>munišug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
|
| |
|
| ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| <small>I used to see you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| =====Past tense=====
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| <small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjov</center> || <center>minušjid mjuvs</center> || <center>minušug mjov</center> || <center>minušug mjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjer</center> || <center>minušjid mjirs</center> || <center>minušug mjer</center> || <center>minušug mjirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mješ</center> || <center>minušjid mjiš</center> || <center>minušug mješ</center> || <center>minušug mjiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mježõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mježõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
| |
| <small>I will see you → I won't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imjov</center> || <center>minušjid imjuvs</center> || <center>minušug imjov</center> || <center>minušug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imir</center> || <center>minušjid imirs</center> || <center>minušug imir</center> || <center>minušug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imeš</center> || <center>minušjid imiš</center> || <center>minušug imeš</center> || <center>minušug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I will have seen you → I won't have seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imjov</center> || <center>munišjid imjuvs</center> || <center>munišug imjov</center> || <center>munišug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imir</center> || <center>munišjid imirs</center> || <center>munišug imir</center> || <center>munišug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imeš</center> || <center>munišjid imiš</center> || <center>munišug imeš</center> || <center>munišug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I would see you → I would not see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| |
| | |
| The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| ====Potential mood====
| |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.
| |
| | |
| The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečow</center> || <center>asusōnečow</center> || <center>sōsunečagow</center> || <center>asusōnečagow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečər</center> || <center>asusōnečər</center> || <center>sōsunečagər</center> || <center>asusōnečagər</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeš</center> || <center>asusōnečeš</center> || <center>sōsunečageš</center> || <center>asusōnečageš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuneč</center> || <center>asusōneč</center> || <center>sōsunečag</center> || <center>asusōnečag</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohi</center> || <center>asusōnečohi</center> || <center>sōsunečagohi</center> || <center>asusōnečagohi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəri</center> || <center>asusōnečəri</center> || <center>sōsunečagəri</center> || <center>asusōnečagəri</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeši</center> || <center>asusōnečeši</center> || <center>sōsunečageši</center> || <center>asusōnečageši</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuneči</center> || <center>asusōneči</center> || <center>sōsunečagi</center> || <center>asusōnečagi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohon</center> || <center>asusōnečohon</center> || <center>sōsunečagohon</center> || <center>asusōnečagohon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəron</center> || <center>asusōnečəron</center> || <center>sōsunečagəron</center> || <center>asusōnečagəron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečešon</center> || <center>asusōnečešon</center> || <center>sōsunečagešon</center> || <center>asusōnečagešon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunečon</center> || <center>asusōnečon</center> || <center>sōsunečagon</center> || <center>asusōnečagon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Non-finite forms====
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| ======Infinitive======
| |
| There are two infinitival forms, the ''primary infinitive'', which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the ''secondary infinitive''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.
| |
| | |
| The '''primary infinitive''' is formed through the ending -em, while the '''secondary infinitive''' through the ending -iga.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>primary</small>'' || <center>sōsunem</center> || <center>asusōnem</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>secondary</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga</center> || <center>asusōniga</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.
| |
| | |
| They have different usages:
| |
| *The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
| |
| *The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses. | |
| | |
| Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''agentive participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.
| |
| | |
| The '''agentive participle''' is formed through the ending -īdu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>agentive</small>'' || <center>sōsunīdu</center> || <center>asusōnīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>sōsunugi</center> || <center>asusōnugi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
