|
|
| (849 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: '''minušjid''' (<small>munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-</small>), ''to twist'', ''to bend''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽv</center> || <center>minušjid wĩvs</center> || <center>minušug wẽv</center> || <center>minušug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩrs</center> || <center>minušug wẽr</center> || <center>minušug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩs</center> || <center>minušug wẽh</center> || <center>minušug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I see you → I don't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽv</center> || <center>munišjid wĩvs</center> || <center>munišug wẽv</center> || <center>munišug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩrs</center> || <center>munišug wẽr</center> || <center>munišug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩs</center> || <center>munišug wẽh</center> || <center>munišug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs | |
| <small>I used to see you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjov</center> || <center>minušjid mjuvs</center> || <center>minušug mjov</center> || <center>minušug mjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjer</center> || <center>minušjid mjirs</center> || <center>minušug mjer</center> || <center>minušug mjirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mješ</center> || <center>minušjid mjiš</center> || <center>minušug mješ</center> || <center>minušug mjiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mježõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mježõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
| |
| <small>I will see you → I won't see you</small> | |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imjov</center> || <center>minušjid imjuvs</center> || <center>minušug imjov</center> || <center>minušug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imir</center> || <center>minušjid imirs</center> || <center>minušug imir</center> || <center>minušug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imeš</center> || <center>minušjid imiš</center> || <center>minušug imeš</center> || <center>minušug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I will have seen you → I won't have seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imjov</center> || <center>munišjid imjuvs</center> || <center>munišug imjov</center> || <center>munišug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imir</center> || <center>munišjid imirs</center> || <center>munišug imir</center> || <center>munišug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imeš</center> || <center>munišjid imiš</center> || <center>munišug imeš</center> || <center>munišug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I would see you → I would not see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.
| |
| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočow</center> || <center>asusōnočow</center> || <center>sōsunočagow</center> || <center>asusōnočagow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočər</center> || <center>asusōnočər</center> || <center>sōsunočagər</center> || <center>asusōnočagər</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočeš</center> || <center>asusōnočeš</center> || <center>sōsunočageš</center> || <center>asusōnočageš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunoč</center> || <center>asusōnoč</center> || <center>sōsunočag</center> || <center>asusōnočag</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočohi</center> || <center>asusōnočohi</center> || <center>sōsunočagohi</center> || <center>asusōnočagohi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočəri</center> || <center>asusōnočəri</center> || <center>sōsunočagəri</center> || <center>asusōnočagəri</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočeši</center> || <center>asusōnočeši</center> || <center>sōsunočageši</center> || <center>asusōnočageši</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunoči</center> || <center>asusōnoči</center> || <center>sōsunočagi</center> || <center>asusōnočagi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočohon</center> || <center>asusōnočohon</center> || <center>sōsunočagohon</center> || <center>asusōnočagohon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočəron</center> || <center>asusōnočəron</center> || <center>sōsunočagəron</center> || <center>asusōnočagəron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočešon</center> || <center>asusōnočešon</center> || <center>sōsunočagešon</center> || <center>asusōnočagešon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunočon</center> || <center>asusōnočon</center> || <center>sōsunočagon</center> || <center>asusōnočagon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Potential mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečow</center> || <center>asusōnečow</center> || <center>sōsunečagow</center> || <center>asusōnečagow</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečər</center> || <center>asusōnečər</center> || <center>sōsunečagər</center> || <center>asusōnečagər</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeš</center> || <center>asusōnečeš</center> || <center>sōsunečageš</center> || <center>asusōnečageš</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>sōsuneč</center> || <center>asusōneč</center> || <center>sōsunečag</center> || <center>asusōnečag</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohi</center> || <center>asusōnečohi</center> || <center>sōsunečagohi</center> || <center>asusōnečagohi</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəri</center> || <center>asusōnečəri</center> || <center>sōsunečagəri</center> || <center>asusōnečagəri</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeši</center> || <center>asusōnečeši</center> || <center>sōsunečageši</center> || <center>asusōnečageši</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>sōsuneči</center> || <center>asusōneči</center> || <center>sōsunečagi</center> || <center>asusōnečagi</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohon</center> || <center>asusōnečohon</center> || <center>sōsunečagohon</center> || <center>asusōnečagohon</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəron</center> || <center>asusōnečəron</center> || <center>sōsunečagəron</center> || <center>asusōnečagəron</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečešon</center> || <center>asusōnečešon</center> || <center>sōsunečagešon</center> || <center>asusōnečagešon</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>sōsunečon</center> || <center>asusōnečon</center> || <center>sōsunečagon</center> || <center>asusōnečagon</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Infinitive======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| There are two infinitival forms, the ''primary infinitive'', which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the ''secondary infinitive''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| The '''primary infinitive''' is formed through the ending -em, while the '''secondary infinitive''' through the ending -iga.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>primary</small>'' || <center>sōsunem</center> || <center>asusōnem</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>secondary</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga</center> || <center>asusōniga</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.
| |
| | |
| They have different usages:
| |
| *The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem. | |
| *The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.
| |
| | |
| Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''agentive participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.
| |
| | |
| The '''agentive participle''' is formed through the ending -īdu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>agentive</small>'' || <center>sōsunīdu</center> || <center>asusōnīdu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>sōsunugi</center> || <center>asusōnugi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
