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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: sōsunem, ''to confuse''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| ====Indicative mood====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| =====Present tense=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>sōsunow</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunər</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuneš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsun</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunəri</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuneši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuni</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunohon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunəron</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunešon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the short form of the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| uligem → ulik | |
| <small>to die → he/she/it dies</small>
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| | |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
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| | |
| =====Preterite tense=====
| |
| The '''preterite''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnow</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnər</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōneš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōn</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnəri</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōneši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōni</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnohon</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnəron</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnešon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōnon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the short form of the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (<small>basically the same alteration as in the present tense</small>):
| |
| | |
| uligem → eluk
| |
| <small>to die → he/she/it died</small>
| |
| | |
| The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.
| |
| | |
| =====Perfect tense=====
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>sōsunow</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagər</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunageš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunag</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəri</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunageši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunagi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohon</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəron</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagešon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunagon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.
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| | |
| =====Plusquamperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnagow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagər</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnageš</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>asusōnag</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəri</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnageši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōnagi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohon</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəron</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagešon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōnon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.
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| | |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, ''to go'':
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 180px;"| <center>sōsuniga imēhow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhər</center>
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēheš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuniga imēh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhəri</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēheši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuniga imēhi</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhohon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhəron</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhešon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsuniga imēhon</center>
| |
| |}
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|
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| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, ''to go'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 180px;"| <center>asusōniga imēhow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhər</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēheš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōniga imēh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhohi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhəri</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēheši</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōniga imēhi</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhohon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhəron</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhešon</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>asusōniga imēhon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.
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| | |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.
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| | |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočow</center> || <center>asusōnočow</center> || <center>sōsunočagow</center> || <center>asusōnočagow</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočər</center> || <center>asusōnočər</center> || <center>sōsunočagər</center> || <center>asusōnočagər</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočeš</center> || <center>asusōnočeš</center> || <center>sōsunočageš</center> || <center>asusōnočageš</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunoč</center> || <center>asusōnoč</center> || <center>sōsunočag</center> || <center>asusōnočag</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočohi</center> || <center>asusōnočohi</center> || <center>sōsunočagohi</center> || <center>asusōnočagohi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočəri</center> || <center>asusōnočəri</center> || <center>sōsunočagəri</center> || <center>asusōnočagəri</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunočeši</center> || <center>asusōnočeši</center> || <center>sōsunočageši</center> || <center>asusōnočageši</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>sōsunoči</center> || <center>asusōnoči</center> || <center>sōsunočagi</center> || <center>asusōnočagi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočohon</center> || <center>asusōnočohon</center> || <center>sōsunočagohon</center> || <center>asusōnočagohon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočəron</center> || <center>asusōnočəron</center> || <center>sōsunočagəron</center> || <center>asusōnočagəron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunočešon</center> || <center>asusōnočešon</center> || <center>sōsunočagešon</center> || <center>asusōnočagešon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>sōsunočon</center> || <center>asusōnočon</center> || <center>sōsunočagon</center> || <center>asusōnočagon</center>
| |
| |}
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|
| |
|
| ====Potential mood====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečow</center> || <center>asusōnečow</center> || <center>sōsunečagow</center> || <center>asusōnečagow</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečər</center> || <center>asusōnečər</center> || <center>sōsunečagər</center> || <center>asusōnečagər</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeš</center> || <center>asusōnečeš</center> || <center>sōsunečageš</center> || <center>asusōnečageš</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>sōsuneč</center> || <center>asusōneč</center> || <center>sōsunečag</center> || <center>asusōnečag</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohi</center> || <center>asusōnečohi</center> || <center>sōsunečagohi</center> || <center>asusōnečagohi</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəri</center> || <center>asusōnečəri</center> || <center>sōsunečagəri</center> || <center>asusōnečagəri</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeši</center> || <center>asusōnečeši</center> || <center>sōsunečageši</center> || <center>asusōnečageši</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>sōsuneči</center> || <center>asusōneči</center> || <center>sōsunečagi</center> || <center>asusōnečagi</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohon</center> || <center>asusōnečohon</center> || <center>sōsunečagohon</center> || <center>asusōnečagohon</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəron</center> || <center>asusōnečəron</center> || <center>sōsunečagəron</center> || <center>asusōnečagəron</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečešon</center> || <center>asusōnečešon</center> || <center>sōsunečagešon</center> || <center>asusōnečagešon</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | <center>sōsunečon</center> || <center>asusōnečon</center> || <center>sōsunečagon</center> || <center>asusōnečagon</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Infinitive======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
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| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
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| In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
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| ======Participle======
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| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
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| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
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| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
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| There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
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| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
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| |}
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| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
