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===Conjugation of a regular verb===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Sample verb: sōsunem, ''to confuse''
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


====Indicative mood====
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


=====Present tense=====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:


{| class="wikitable"
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>sōsunow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuneš</center>
|-
| <center>sōsun</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuneši</center>
|-
| <center>sōsuni</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunešon</center>
|-
| <center>sōsunon</center>
|}
 
In the short form of the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant:
 
uligem → ulik
  <small>to die → he/she/it dies</small>
 
The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
 
=====Preterite tense=====
The '''preterite''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōneš</center>
|-
| <center>asusōn</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōneši</center>
|-
| <center>asusōni</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnešon</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnon</center>
|}
 
In the short form of the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (<small>basically the same alteration as in the present tense</small>):
 
uligem → eluk
<small>to die → he/she/it died</small>
 
The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.
 
=====Perfect tense=====
The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>sōsunow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunageš</center>
|-
| <center>sōsunag</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunageši</center>
|-
| <center>sōsunagi</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagešon</center>
|-
| <center>sōsunagon</center>
|}
 
The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.
 
=====Plusquamperfect tense=====
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnagow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnageš</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnag</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnageši</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnagi</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagešon</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnon</center>
|}
 
The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.
 
=====Future tense=====
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, ''to go'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 180px;"| <center>sōsuniga imēhow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēheš</center>
|-
| <center>sōsuniga imēh</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēheši</center>
|-
| <center>sōsuniga imēhi</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga imēhešon</center>
|-
| <center>sōsuniga imēhon</center>
|}
 
The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
 
=====Anterior future tense=====
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, ''to go'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 180px;"| <center>asusōniga imēhow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēheš</center>
|-
| <center>asusōniga imēh</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēheši</center>
|-
| <center>asusōniga imēhi</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōniga imēhešon</center>
|-
| <center>asusōniga imēhon</center>
|}
 
The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.
 
====Subjunctive mood====
The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
 
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosinəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinon</center>
|}
 
Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnò</center> || <center>kiɣinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh</center> || <center>kinîh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn</center> || <center>kìɣin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô</center> || <center>kiɣinô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh</center> || <center>kiɣinôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn</center> || <center>kîɣin</center>
|}
 
Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person.
 
======Imperfect tense======
The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosinəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinon</center>
|}
 
Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehinò</center> || <center>êβinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinəh</center> || <center>êβinéh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhin</center> || <center>êβin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonò</center> || <center>êβinonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonəh</center> || <center>êβinonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinon</center> || <center>êβinon</center>
|}
 
Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnò</center> || <center>áɣiɣinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh</center> || <center>áɣinîh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn</center> || <center>áɣìɣin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô</center> || <center>áɣiɣinô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣinôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn</center> || <center>áɣîɣin</center>
|}
 
The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Preterite tense======
The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tìnò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Plusquamperfect tense======
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðìnò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin áránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣinò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣinîh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣin ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣin ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.
 
=====Conditional mood=====
The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
 
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosasəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosason</center>
|}
 
Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsò</center> || <center>kiɣasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh</center> || <center>kjâh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs</center> || <center>kjàɣ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô</center> || <center>kiɣasô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh</center> || <center>kiɣasôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs</center> || <center>kjâɣ</center>
|}
 
The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
 
======Imperfect tense======
The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosasəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosason</center>
|}
 
Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehasò</center> || <center>êβasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasəh</center> || <center>êβaséh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhas</center> || <center>êβas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonò</center> || <center>êβasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonəh</center> || <center>êβasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhason</center> || <center>êβason</center>
|}
 
Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsò</center> || <center>áɣiɣasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh</center> || <center>áɣjâh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs</center> || <center>áɣjàɣ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô</center> || <center>áɣiɣasô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣasôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs</center> || <center>áɣjâɣ</center>
|}
 
The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
 
======Preterite tense======
The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tàsò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Plusquamperfect tense======
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðàsò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ áránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣasò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjàɣ ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâɣ ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
 
=====Non-finite forms=====
The non-finite verbal forms are:
 
======Infinitive======
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
|-
|}
 
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
 
In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.


======Participle======
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.


The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


{| class="wikitable"
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
|-
|}


There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
{|-
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
|-
|}
 
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
 
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
 
====Passive diathesis====
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
 
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
 
=====Indicative mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}


=====Subjunctive mood=====
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future'''''  || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}
 
=====Conditional mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future'''''  || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}
 
=====Infinitive mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''indicative present'''''  || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''indicative past'''''  || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''subjunctive present'''''  || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''subjunctive past'''''  || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''conditional present'''''  || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''conditional past'''''  || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''indicative present'''''  || kiɣam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''indicative past'''''  || kiɣam áránosuɣi
|-
| '''''subjunctive present'''''  || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''subjunctive past'''''  || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
|-
| '''''conditional present'''''  || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''conditional past'''''  || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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