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| ===Verbal conjugation=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Taking as an example the verbal root '''liːloṕ-''', meaning ''to see'', the different aspectual, temporal and modal forms of a Proto-Piti verb are shown.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>indicative mood</small>'''''</center>
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| | |
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | |
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | |
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| | |
| | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective present</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective present</small>'''''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕoɬ'''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕer'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕæt́'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕ'''</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕoɬiʔ'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕeriʔ'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕæt́iʔ'''</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiʔ'''</center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕoɬon'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕeron'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕeron'''</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕæt́on'''</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕon'''</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>indicative mood</small>'''''</center>
| | |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective past</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective past</small>'''''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕer'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeriʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́iʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬon'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeron'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeron'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́on'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕon'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>subjunctive mood</small>'''''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective present</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective present</small>'''''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳoɬ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳer'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳæt́'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕiɳiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕiɳoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕiɳiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕiɳoɬiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiɳiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕiɳeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳeriʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiɳiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕiɳæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳæt́iʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiɳonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕiɳoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳoɬon'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiɳoner'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕiɳeron'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳoner'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳeron'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiɳonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕiɳæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiɳæt́on'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiɳon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiɳon'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>subjunctive mood</small>'''''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective past</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective past</small>'''''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕer'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeriʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́iʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔ'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬon'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeron'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeron'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́on'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕon'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
