User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Verbal conjugation===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Taking as an example the verbal root '''liːloṕ-''', meaning ''to see'', the different aspectual, temporal and modal forms of a Proto-Piti verb are shown.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{| class="wikitable"
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
| || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>indicative mood</small>'''''</center>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective present</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective present</small>'''''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕoɬ'''</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕer'''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕæt́'''</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕ'''</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''liːloṕoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''loliːṕoɬiʔ'''</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕeriʔ'''</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕæt́iʔ'''</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕiʔ'''</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕoɬon'''</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕeron'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕeron'''</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''liːloṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''liːloṕæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''loliːṕæt́on'''</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''liːloṕon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''loliːṕon'''</center>
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
| || colspan="4" | <center>'''''<small>indicative mood</small>'''''</center>
 
|-
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
| style="width: 70px;"| || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>imperfective past</small>'''''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''''<small>perfective past</small>'''''</center>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''</center>
 
|-
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕer'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕer'''</center>
 
|-
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́'''</center>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕ'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬiʔ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔoɬ'''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬiʔ'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeriʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔer'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeriʔ'''</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́iʔ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́iʔ'''</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕiʔ'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕiʔ'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoɬon'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonoɬ'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoɬon'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕeron'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕoner'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕeron'''</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaliːloṕæt́on'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕonæt́'''</center> || <center>'''ʔaloliːṕæt́on'''</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaliːloṕon'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''ʔaloliːṕon'''</center>
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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