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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs: as a '''strong verb''', toθiræm‘, ''to have, to own'', as a '''weak verb''', howcæm‘, ''to throw''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are directly added to the ''present'' verbal root:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>toθirof</center> || <center>howcof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiræh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howcæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>toθironof</center> || <center>howconof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθironæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howconæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The present tense conveys habitual or gnomic actions or states, but it can also convey ongoing action or states of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf toθirjiθu</center> || <center>owf howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>onof howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs.
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>owf howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>onof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, ''to be'', and jimæm‘, ''to go'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>jimæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf</center> || <center>emof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof</center> || <center>emonof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The past tense conveys complete, habitual, or gnomic actions or states in the past, but it can also convey ongoing action or states in the past of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
| |
| | |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf toθirjiθu</center> || <center>iwf howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>joh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>inof howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the past. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs.
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>iwf howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>joh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>inof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The pluperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' has two possible construction, both as a compound tense:
| |
| | |
| *It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb gjixæm‘, ''to want'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gjixof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>gjixof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gjixonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>gjixonof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixonæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, ''to go'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jimof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>jimof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>jimæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>jimæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>jimonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>jimonof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>jimonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>jimonæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Both constructions convey complete, habitual, or ongoing actions or states in the future, with slightly different meamings:
| |
| #The construction with the auxiliary verb gjixæm‘ conveys a meaning of ''intention'' and ''will''.
| |
| #The construction with the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ conveys a meaning of ''unpredictability'', ''casuality'' or ''sudden decision''.
| |
| | |
| In both constructions, this tense is regarded as essentially regular, without continuous forms.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, ''to go'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>emof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>emonof howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh howciñæm‘</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the construction of the anterior future tense only the past forms of the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ are used. The differences in meaning in the future are not taken into consideration.
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood has overall limited usages, mostly in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is extremely limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| |
| | |
| It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only ''present'', ''past'' and ''pluperfect'' tenses, In the present tense, the subjunctive features the infix -iñ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -iñ- and the personal endings are added to the ''present'' verbal root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>toθiriñof</center> || <center>howciñof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiriñæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howciñæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>toθiriñonof</center> || <center>howciñonof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiriñonæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howciñonæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojñof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojñonof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñonæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojñof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ojñof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojñonof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ojñonof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñonæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñonæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, ''to be'', and jimæm‘, ''to go'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>jimæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ijñof</center> || <center>emiñof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emiñæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ijñonof</center> || <center>emiñonof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñonæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emiñonæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ijñof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ijñof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ijñonof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ijñonof howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñonæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ijñonæh howciciθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only ''present'', ''continuous present'' and ''past'' tenses, In the present tense, the conditional features the infix -æc-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -æc- and the personal endings are added to the ''present'' verbal root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>toθiræcof</center> || <center>howcæcof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiræcæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howcæcæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>toθiræconof</center> || <center>howcæconof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiræconæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howcæconæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojcof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojcæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojconof</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojconæh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojcof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>ojcof howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojcæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojcæh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojconof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>ojconof howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojconæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojconæh howcjiθu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ======Preterite tense======
| |
| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tàsò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðàsò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
|
| |
|
| The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Anterior future tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò áránosam</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh áránosam</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣasò ránosam</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâh ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjàɣ ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasô ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasôh ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâɣ ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| =====Non-finite forms=====
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Infinitive======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
| |
| | |
| In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
| |
| | |
| ======Participle======
| |
| There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
| |
| | |
| The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
| |
| | |
| When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
| |
| | |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| |
| | |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
| |
| | |
| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || kiɣam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || kiɣam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
