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===Conjugation of regular verbs===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Sample verbs: as a '''strong verb''', toθiræm‘, ''to have, to own'', as a '''weak verb''', howcæm‘, ''to throw''
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


====Active diathesis====
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


=====Indicative mood=====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


======Present tense======
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are directly added to the ''present'' verbal root:
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


{| class="wikitable"
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>toθirof</center> || <center>howcof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiræh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howcæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>toθironof</center> || <center>howconof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθironæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howconæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
The present tense conveys habitual or gnomic actions or states, but it can also convey ongoing action or states of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
 
======Present continuous tense======
The '''present continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf toθirjiθu</center> || <center>owf howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>onof howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Non every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs.
 
======Past======
The '''past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>owf tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>owf howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojh howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>onof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>onof howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>onæh howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, ''to be'', and jimæm‘, ''to go'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>jimæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf</center> || <center>emof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof</center> || <center>emonof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
The past tense conveys complete, habitual, or gnomic actions or states in the past, but it can also convey ongoing action or states in the past of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
 
======Past continuous tense======
The '''past continuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf toθirjiθu</center> || <center>iwf howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>joh howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof toθirjiθu</center> || <center>inof howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh toθirjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh howcjiθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the past. Non every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs.
 
======Pluperfect tense======
The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>iwf tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>iwf howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>joh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>joh howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>inof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>inof howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>inæh howciciθu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The pluperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' has two possible construction, both as a compound tense:
 
*It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb gjixæm‘, ''to want'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>gjixof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>gjixof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>gjixonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>gjixonof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>gjixonæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
*It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, ''to go'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jimof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>jimof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>jimæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>jimæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>jimonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>jimonof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>jimonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>jimonæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
Both constructions convey complete, habitual, or ongoing actions or states in the future, with slightly different meamings:
#The construction with the auxiliary verb gjixæm‘ conveys a meaning of ''intention'' and ''will''.
#The construction with the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ conveys a meaning of ''unpredictability'', ''casuality'' or ''sudden decision''.
 
In both constructions, this tense is regarded as essentially regular, without continuous forms.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, ''to go'', with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>emof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emonof toθiriñæm‘</center> || <center>emonof howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh toθiriñæm‘</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>emonæh howciñæm‘</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
In the construction of the anterior future tense only the past forms of the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ are used. The differences in meaning in the future are not taken into consideration.
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
 
=====Subjunctive mood=====
The '''subjunctive''' mood has overall limited usages, mostly in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is extremely limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
 
It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only present, past and pluperfect tenses, In the present tense, the subjunctive features the infix -iñ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -iñ- and the personal endings are added to the ''present'' verbal root:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>toθiriñof</center> || <center>howciñof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiriñæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howciñæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>toθiriñonof</center> || <center>howciñonof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>toθiriñonæh</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>howciñonæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>ojæm‘</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojñof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojñonof</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojñonæh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
|}
 
======Imperfect tense======
The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosinəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinon</center>
|}
 
Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehinò</center> || <center>êβinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinəh</center> || <center>êβinéh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhin</center> || <center>êβin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonò</center> || <center>êβinonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonəh</center> || <center>êβinonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinon</center> || <center>êβinon</center>
|}
 
Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnò</center> || <center>áɣiɣinò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh</center> || <center>áɣinîh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn</center> || <center>áɣìɣin</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô</center> || <center>áɣiɣinô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣinôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn</center> || <center>áɣîɣin</center>
|}
 
The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Preterite tense======
The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tìnò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Plusquamperfect tense======
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðìnò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin áránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣinò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣinîh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣin ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣin ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.
 
=====Conditional mood=====
The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
 
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
 
======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosasəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosason</center>
|}
 
Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsò</center> || <center>kiɣasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh</center> || <center>kjâh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs</center> || <center>kjàɣ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô</center> || <center>kiɣasô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh</center> || <center>kiɣasôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs</center> || <center>kjâɣ</center>
|}
 
The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
 
======Imperfect tense======
The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosasəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosason</center>
|}
 
Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehasò</center> || <center>êβasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasəh</center> || <center>êβaséh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhas</center> || <center>êβas</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonò</center> || <center>êβasonò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhasonəh</center> || <center>êβasonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhason</center> || <center>êβason</center>
|}
 
Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsò</center> || <center>áɣiɣasò</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh</center> || <center>áɣjâh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs</center> || <center>áɣjàɣ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô</center> || <center>áɣiɣasô</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣasôh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs</center> || <center>áɣjâɣ</center>
|}
 
The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
 
======Preterite tense======
The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tàsò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàsəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tàs áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tàsôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tâs áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Plusquamperfect tense======
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðàsò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàsəh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðàs áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðàsôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðâs áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ ránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣasò áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjâh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kjàɣ áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasô áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣasôh áránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kjâɣ áránosam</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣasò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣjàɣ ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣasôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣjâɣ ránosam</center>
|}


This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


=====Non-finite forms=====
{|-
The non-finite verbal forms are:
 
======Infinitive======
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
|}
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
 
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
 
In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
 
======Participle======
There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
 
The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
|-
|}
 
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
|-
|}
 
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
 
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
 
====Passive diathesis====
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
 
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
 
=====Indicative mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
| '''''present'''''  || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}


=====Subjunctive mood=====
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future'''''  || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
 
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}
 
=====Conditional mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future'''''  || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''preterite'''''  || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''plusquamperfect'''''  || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|-
| '''''future in the past'''''  || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|-
|}
 
=====Infinitive mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''indicative present'''''  || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''indicative past'''''  || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''subjunctive present'''''  || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''subjunctive past'''''  || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
| '''''conditional present'''''  || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|-
| '''''conditional past'''''  || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|-
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''indicative present'''''  || kiɣam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''indicative past'''''  || kiɣam áránosuɣi
|-
| '''''subjunctive present'''''  || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''subjunctive past'''''  || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
|-
| '''''conditional present'''''  || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
|-
| '''''conditional past'''''  || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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