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| ====Passive diathesis==== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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|
| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
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| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
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| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
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| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | '''''present''''' || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
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| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
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| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
| |
| |}
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|
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
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| |
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
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| |- | | |- |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ... | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| | |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''preterite''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | |
| | '''''future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle | |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle | |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
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| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
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| | '''''future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
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| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
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| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
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| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
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| |-
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| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
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| | '''''conditional present''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
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| Examples:
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
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| | '''''indicative present''''' || kiɣam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
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| | '''''indicative past''''' || kiɣam áránosuɣi
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| |-
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| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
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| |-
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| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
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| |-
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| | '''''conditional present''''' || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
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| |-
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| | '''''conditional past''''' || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
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| |-
| |
| |}
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
