User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
 
(934 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
=====Non-finite forms=====
===Interrogative pronouns===
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


======Infinitive======
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{| class="wikitable"
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>ránosam</center> || <center>ránosinam</center> || <center>ránosasam</center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>áránosam</center> || <center>áránosinam</center> || <center>áránosasam</center>
|-
|}


The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


======Participle======
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -íðə, while the '''past participle''' through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


 
{|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>ránosíðə</center> || <center>áránosíðə</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>ránosuɣi</center> || <center>áránosuɣi</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
|}
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
 
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || colspan=2 | <center><small>lîβam</small></center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>active</small>'' || <center>lîβíðə</center> || <center>êβíðə</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>lîβuɣi</center> || <center>êβuɣi</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=175196"