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| =====Subjunctive mood===== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| ======Present tense======
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosinəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinon</center>
| |
| |}
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| | |
| Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnò</center> || <center>kiɣinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh</center> || <center>kinîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn</center> || <center>kìɣin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô</center> || <center>kiɣinô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh</center> || <center>kiɣinôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn</center> || <center>kîɣin</center>
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| |}
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| | |
| Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person.
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| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosinəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinon</center>
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| |}
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| Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehinò</center> || <center>êβinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinəh</center> || <center>êβinéh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhin</center> || <center>êβin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonò</center> || <center>êβinonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonəh</center> || <center>êβinonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinon</center> || <center>êβinon</center>
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| |}
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| Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnò</center> || <center>áɣiɣinò</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh</center> || <center>áɣinîh</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn</center> || <center>áɣìɣin</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô</center> || <center>áɣiɣinô</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣinôh</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn</center> || <center>áɣîɣin</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
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| The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
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| ======Preterite tense======
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| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tìnò áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn áránosíðə</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðìnò áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn áránosíðə</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
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| The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
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| ======Future tense======
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| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò ránosam</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh ránosam</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin ránosam</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin ránosam</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
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| The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
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| ======Anterior future tense======
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| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò áránosam</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh áránosam</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin áránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô áránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh áránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin áránosam</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
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| The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.
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| ======Future in the past tense======
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| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣinò ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣinîh ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣin ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinô ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinôh ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣin ránosam</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
