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| =====Subjunctive mood===== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| ======Present tense======
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosinəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinon</center>
| |
| |}
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| | |
| Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnò</center> || <center>kiɣinò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh</center> || <center>kinîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn</center> || <center>kìɣin</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô</center> || <center>kiɣinô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh</center> || <center>kiɣinôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn</center> || <center>kîɣin</center>
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| |}
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| | |
| Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person.
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| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-,are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>árános</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránoson</center>
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| |}
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| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
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| íméham → ěmé
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| <small>to go → he/she/it was going</small>
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| namíɣam → ánamík
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| <small>to bite → he/she/it was biting</small>
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| However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehò</center> || <center>êβò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhəh</center> || <center>êβéh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmé</center> || <center>êp</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonò</center> || <center>êβonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonəh</center> || <center>êβonəh</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhon</center> || <center>êβon</center>
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| |}
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| Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòrò</center> || <center>áɣiɣò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh</center> || <center>áɣîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr</center> || <center>áɣìɣ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô</center> || <center>áɣiɣô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr</center> || <center>áɣîɣ</center>
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| |}
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| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the ''null ending'' and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:
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| lîβam (<small>êp</small>)
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| <small>to see</small> | |
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| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
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| ======Preterite tense======
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| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tòrò áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr áránosíðə</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
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| The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
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| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
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| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðòrò áránosíðə</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh áránosíðə</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr áránosíðə</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| ======Future tense======
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò ránosam</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh ránosam</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh ránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ ránosam</center> | |
| |} | |
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
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| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.
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| ======Anterior future tense======
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| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ áránosam</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state. | |
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| ======Future in the past tense======
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| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣò ránosam</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣîh ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣ ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣô ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣôh ránosam</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣ ránosam</center>
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| |}
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| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
