|
|
| (954 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| =====Subjunctive mood===== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| ======Present tense======
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosinəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| |
| | |
| íméham → ímé
| |
| <small>to go → he/she/it goes</small>
| |
| | |
| namíɣam → namík
| |
| <small>to bite → he/she/it bites</small>
| |
| | |
| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòrò</center> || <center>kiɣò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh</center> || <center>kîh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr</center> || <center>kìɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô</center> || <center>kiɣô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh</center> || <center>kiɣôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr</center> || <center>kîɣ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-,are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>árános</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránoson</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
|
| |
|
| íméham → ěmé | | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| <small>to go → he/she/it was going</small> | | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| namíɣam → ánamík
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| <small>to bite → he/she/it was biting</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
| | {|- |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehò</center> || <center>êβò</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhəh</center> || <center>êβéh</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmé</center> || <center>êp</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonò</center> || <center>êβonò</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonəh</center> || <center>êβonəh</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhon</center> || <center>êβon</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòrò</center> || <center>áɣiɣò</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh</center> || <center>áɣîh</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr</center> || <center>áɣìɣ</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô</center> || <center>áɣiɣô</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣôh</center> | |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr</center> || <center>áɣîɣ</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the ''null ending'' and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs: | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| lîβam (<small>êp</small>)
| |
| <small>to see</small>
| |
| | |
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Preterite tense======
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tòrò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðòrò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ áránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
