User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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======Preterite tense======
===Interrogative pronouns===
The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{| class="wikitable"
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
|-
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tòrò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr áránosíðə</center>
|}
 
This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.


======Plusquamperfect tense======
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:


{| class="wikitable"
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðòrò áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh áránosíðə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr áránosíðə</center>
|}


This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


======Future tense======
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:


{| class="wikitable"
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò ránosam</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh ránosam</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ ránosam</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô ránosam</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh ránosam</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ ránosam</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|}
 
This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
 
The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.
 
======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò áránosam</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh áránosam</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ áránosam</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô áránosam</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh áránosam</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ áránosam</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
The future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.


======Future in the past tense======
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣò ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣîh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣ ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣô ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣôh ránosam</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣ ránosam</center>
|}


This tense in regarded as essentially regular.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


The future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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