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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb (<small>with examples of auxiliary and irregular verbs</small>)=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verb: ránosam, ''to breastfeed, to nurse, to give suckle''
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| ====Active diathesis====
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| =====Indicative mood=====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| ======Present tense======
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>rános</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránoson</center>
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| |}
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| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| íméham → ímé
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| <small>to go → he/she/it goes</small>
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| namíɣam → namík
| | {|- |
| <small>to bite → he/she/it bites</small>
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| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòrò</center> || <center>kiɣò</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh</center> || <center>kîh</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr</center> || <center>kìɣ</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô</center> || <center>kiɣô</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh</center> || <center>kiɣôh</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr</center> || <center>kîɣ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |} | |
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| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
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| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-,are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosəh</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>árános</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonò</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonəh</center> | |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránoson</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
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| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| íméham → ěmé
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| <small>to go → he/she/it was going</small>
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| namíɣam → ánamík
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| <small>to bite → he/she/it was biting</small>
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| However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehò</center> || <center>êβò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhəh</center> || <center>êβéh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmé</center> || <center>êp</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonò</center> || <center>êβonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonəh</center> || <center>êβonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhon</center> || <center>êβon</center>
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| |}
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| Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòrò</center> || <center>áɣiɣò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh</center> || <center>áɣîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr</center> || <center>áɣìɣ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô</center> || <center>áɣiɣô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr</center> || <center>áɣîɣ</center>
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| |}
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| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the ''null ending'' and the typical irregularities of the augmen merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| lîβam (<small>êp</small>)
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>to see</small>
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| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
