User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Conjugation of a regular verb (<small>with examples of auxiliary and irregular verbs</small>)===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Sample verb: ránosam, ''to breastfeed, to nurse, to give suckle''
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


====Active diathesis====
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


=====Indicative mood=====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


======Present tense======
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


{| class="wikitable"
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosəh</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>rános</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonò</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonəh</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránoson</center>
|}
 
In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
 
íméham → ímé
<small>to go → he/she/it goes</small>
 
namíɣam → namík
<small>to bite → he/she/it bites</small>
 
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòrò</center> || <center>kiɣò</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh</center> || <center>kîh</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr</center> || <center>kìɣ</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô</center> || <center>kiɣô</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh</center> || <center>kiɣôh</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr</center> || <center>kîɣ</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The present tense convey ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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