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| ===Varbal conjugation=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Using the root '''majr-''', meaning ''to see, vision'', we give an example of the various aspectual, temporal, modal and person forms of the Proto-Alri verb.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| {| class="wikitable" | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| | |
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | |
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | |
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| | |
| | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>aorist</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrom'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwom'''</center> || <center>'''majrowm'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowm'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrot'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwot'''</center> || <center>'''majrowt'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowt'''</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrok'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwok'''</center> || <center>'''majrowk'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowk'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''majro'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwo'''</center> || <center>'''majrow'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwow'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majromij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwomij'''</center> || <center>'''majrowmij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowmij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrotij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwotij'''</center> || <center>'''majrowtij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowtij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrokij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowkij'''</center> || <center>'''majrowkij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwokij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''majroj'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwoj'''</center> || <center>'''majrowij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| |-
| | |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>aorist</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>present</small>''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| | |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center>
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrum'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwum'''</center> || <center>'''majruwm'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwm'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrut'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwot'''</center> || <center>'''majruwt'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwt'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majruk'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuk'''</center> || <center>'''majruwk'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwowk'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>'''majru'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwu'''</center> || <center>'''majruw'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuw'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrumij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwumij'''</center> || <center>'''majruwmij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwmij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrutij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwutij'''</center> || <center>'''majruwtij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwtij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrukij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwkij'''</center> || <center>'''majruwkij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwukij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>'''majruj'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuj'''</center> || <center>'''majruwij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwuwij'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''<small>resultative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>aorist</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 120px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majram'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwam'''</center> || <center>'''majrawm'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawm'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrat'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwat'''</center> || <center>'''majrawt'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawt'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''majrak'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwak'''</center> || <center>'''majrawk'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawk'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>'''majra'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwa'''</center> || <center>'''majraw'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwaw'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majramij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwamij'''</center> || <center>'''majrawmij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawmij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majratij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwatij'''</center> || <center>'''majrawtij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawtij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''majrakij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawkij'''</center> || <center>'''majrawkij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwakij'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>'''majraj'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwaj'''</center> || <center>'''majrawij'''</center> || <center>'''majrəwawij'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
