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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| As already mentioned, the word root has a '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by a set of verbal suffixes, which convey an aspectual information:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' → '''majro-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective aspect)</small>
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| '''majr-''' + '''-u-''' → '''majru-''' <small>''to see'' (perfective aspect)</small>
| |
| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| As the basic form of verbs is regarded the imperfective form, marked by the suffix '''-o-'''. The verbal form generally distinguishes the following ''proper categories'':
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| *'''aspect''': imperfective, perfective, resultative''.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| *'''tense''': aorist, present.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| *'''person''': first, second, third.
| |
| *'''number''': singular, plural
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| *'''form''': main, dependent.
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| Aspect is distinguished by ''aspectual suffixes'', which expands the word root. The suffixes are:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| * ''imperfective'': '''-o-'''
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| * ''perfective'': '''-u-'''
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| * ''resultative'': '''-a-'''
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| The resultative root, especially when it is not derived or compound, displays an optional ''partial reduplication'', following the patterns:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| (s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''- → C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V-(s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''- | | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''- → VC'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''- | |
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| Examples:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
| | {|- |
| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(ma)majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''sk̇an-''', <small>''to fight''</small> →
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| '''sk̇an-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(k̇a)sk̇ana-''' <small>''to fight'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''em-''', <small>''to be able''</small> →
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| '''em-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(em)ema-''' <small>''to be able'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| Tense is distinguished by ''temporal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| * ''aorist'': '''-'''
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| * ''present'': '''-w-'''
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| Example:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' → '''majrow-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective present)</small>
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| The person, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by ''personal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect and temporal suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |-
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| | style="width: 50px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup></small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m-'''</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-t-'''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-k-'''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |}
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| Example:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' → '''majrowt-''' <small>''you are seeing'' (sing./plur. imperfective present)</small>
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| The 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> person display two possible endings: '''-k-''', which is derived from the demonstrative pronominal root, and '''-Ø-''', namely a ''null ending''. This dichotomy is due to the lacking of any necessary subject marking, when the subject itself is clearly expressed in the clause.
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| The number, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by ''numeral suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect, the temporal suffixes, and the personal suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| * ''singular'': '''-'''
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| * ''plural'': '''-ij- / -j-'''
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| The plural number display two possible endings: the former is used after a consonant, while the latter is used after a vowel.
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| Examples:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrowtij''' <small>''you are seeing'' (plural imperfective present)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrowtij''' <small>''they are seeing'' (plural imperfective present)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-j-''' → '''majroj''' <small>''they were seeing'' (plural imperfective aorist)</small>
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| Person suffixes and number suffixes are usually merged to form the ''persona endings''. The scheme of the personal endings in the pre-diasporic later period is:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-t'''</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-k'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-mij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-tij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-kij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-j / -ij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The form is distinguished by the ''modal infixes'', which are placed before the aspectual suffixes. The infixes are: | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| * ''main'': '''-'''
| |
| * ''dependent'': '''-əw-'''
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| Example:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| '''majr-''' + '''-əw-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrəwowtij''' <small>''that you are seeing'' (plural dependent imperfective present)</small>
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| There are, moreover, other endings which can build non-finite forms, but these are regarded as a derivative process and discussed in the relative chapter.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
