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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| As already mentioned, the word root has a '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by a set of verbal suffixes, which convey an aspectual information:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' → '''majro-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective aspect)</small>
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| '''majr-''' + '''-u-''' → '''majru-''' <small>''to see'' (perfective aspect)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| As the basic form of verbs is regarded the imperfective form, marked by the suffix '''-o-'''. The verbal form generally distinguishes the following ''proper categories'':
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| *'''aspect''': imperfective, perfective, resultative''.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| *'''tense''': aorist, present.
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| *'''person''': first, second, third.
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| *'''number''': singular, plural
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| *'''form''': main, dependent.
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| Aspect is distinguished by ''aspectual suffixes'', which expands the word root. The suffixes are:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| * ''imperfective'': '''-o-'''
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| * ''perfective'': '''-u-'''
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| * ''resultative'': '''-a-'''
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| The resultative root, especially when it is not derived or compound, displays an optional ''partial reduplication'', following the patterns:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| (s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''- → C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V-(s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''- | | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''- → VC'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''- | |
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| Examples:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
| | {|- |
| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(ma)majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''sk̇an-''', <small>''to fight''</small> →
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| '''sk̇an-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(k̇a)sk̇ana-''' <small>''to fight'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''em-''', <small>''to be able''</small> →
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| '''em-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(em)ema-''' <small>''to be able'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| Tense is distinguished by ''temporal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| * ''aorist'': '''-'''
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| * ''present'': '''-w-'''
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| Examples:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' → '''majrow-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective present)</small>
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| The person, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by ''personal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect and temporal suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 50px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup></small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m-'''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-t-'''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-k-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |}
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| Examples:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' → '''majrowt-''' <small>''you are seeing'' (sing./plur. imperfective present)</small>
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| Riguardo la terza persona si trovano due possibili marcature: -k, derivato dalla radice pronominale dimostrativa e -Ø, cioè nessuna marcatura. Questa dicotomia è dovuta al fatto che in presenza del soggetto, non è necessario esprimere né utilizzare alcuna desinenza.
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| Il numero del soggetto viene distinto dai suffissi numerali che si pongono dopo i suffissi personali. Tali suffissi di numero sono:
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| singolare -
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| plurale -ij/-j
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| La prima variante del suffisso si applica ai suffissi personali e al suffisso temporale, mentre la seconda variante viene applicata direttamente ai suffissi di aspetto.
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| Esempi:
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| majr-, vedere →
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| • majr- + -o- + -w- + -t- + -ij → majrowtij, state vedendo (azione imperfettiva nel presente)
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| • majr- + -o- + -w- + -ij → majrowij, stanno vedendo (azione imperfettiva nel presente)
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| • majr- + -o- + -j → majroj, stavano vedendo (azione imperfettiva nell‘aoristo)
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| L’unione dei suffissi personali con i suffissi di numero viene chiamato desinenze personali. Lo schema delle desinenze personali in fase unitaria tarda si configura dunque così:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m'''</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-t'''</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-k'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-mij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-tij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-kij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>'''-j / -ij'''</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| | | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| The verbal system of Hoð‘i language displays the following features:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
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| *'''tense''': | |
| **''simple tenses'': present, past, perfect
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| **''compound tenses'': continuous present, continuous past, pluperfect, future, continuous future, anterior future, future in the past
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| *'''mood''':
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| **''definite moods'': indicative, imperative
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| **''indefinite moods'': infinitive, active participle, passive participleù
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| *'''diathesis''': active, passive
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| The simple tenses are distinguished by a typical vowel, while compound tenses are formed with the verb imew, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb, and a participial form.
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| The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -ew. From such form the verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
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| The following personal endings are then added to the root in the definite moods. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>indicative<small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>imperative<small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-n</center> ||
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>-</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>-to</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m‘i</center> || <center>-m‘ito</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>-v‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>-v‘i</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
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| |}
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| The second and the third person share the same ending in both numbers. Thus the subject pronouns is usually expressed in the second person, to avoid ambiguity. The third person pronoun is, conversely, usually not expressed and left implied:
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| k‘etex xowno
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| <small>you sing</small>
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| (okex) xowno
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| <small>he/she sings</small>
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
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| As verbal forms, however, they can be built on the various temporal forms.
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| The non-finite endings are:
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| *''infinitive'': -ew
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| *''active participle'': -ð‘i
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| *''passive participle'': -ňə
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